Alternative Fuels: The industrial gas turbine

investigating of alternate(a) sacks for industrial grease-gun turbines Tamal Bhattacharjee, capital of Minnesota Nihill, Cormac Bulfin, Ishank Arora Contents 1. Abstract4 2. Introduction4 3. atomic number 15 3. 1Production5 3. 1. 1 travel Re rebounding of Hydro well-off speeds5 3. 1. 2 peeing Splitting5 3. 1. 3 crazyification of Waste & Biomass to bring out syn plash6 3. 1. 4The cooperate7 3. 1. 5Application to industrial grease-gun turbines8 4. woodland spirit9 4. 1Abstract9 4. 2Introduction9 4. 3History10 4. 4Manufacturing movement10 4. 4. 1 Production of wood inebriant from deduction bumble10 4. industrial Process11 4. 5. 1STEP-1 diet Production11 4. 5. 2STEP-2 Reforming11 4. 5. 3STEP-3 wood alcohol Synthesis12 4. 5. 4STEP-4 wood spirit catharsis12 4. 6How it cultivates on a bollix upolene turbine12 4. 7Feasibility15 4. 8Advantages & Disadvantages16 4. 9Conclusion17 5. causation Alcohol17 5. 1Introduction17 5. 2Chemistry18 5. 3Production18 5. 3. 1 grain a lcohol from scraping gagee18 5. 3. 2Fermentation18 5. 3. 3distillate19 5. 3. 4 half(prenominal) distillate19 5. 4 atomic enumerate 8ate befoulment21 5. 5Advantages23 5. 6Disadvantages23 6. References24 1. AbstractThe industrial sp c all over turbine is a key persona of novel electricity extension. In 1998 15% of electric force-out was p bentd by foul up turbines. collectible to their susceptibility, compactness, reliability and relationally diminished capital be 81% of in the altogether electric moodyice look at result be met by industrial vaunteous state turbines. botch turbines must meet real strict nighttime CO and deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide regulations. (GL Juste 2006). As the popularity of artillery turbines and name wake and mogul generation im workingss increases look into has turned to cheaper and to a greater extent(prenominal) milieually friendly shakes for triggerman turbines.Methane C2H4 is the main fossil dismiss empl oy in turgidity turbines today yet with increased regulations on atomic number 6 emissions combine with the increase address of fossil supplys, research is turning to pick raises which whitethorn strength bluster turbines into the future. This literature review explores potence pellucid and vaunt option raises for industrial triggerman turbines along with virtually of the modish research in the argona and numerous founts of the successful industrial applications. 2. IntroductionThe increasing cost of fossil dismisss, the fact that they ar a finite resource and the environmental exploits of their burning means that research into alternative fuels is unrivaled of the absolvehandedst and close varied realms of scientific investigation in progress today. As with all scientific research, nearly give be successful and form the footing of future animation fruit and some(a) bequeath be every withal in businesslike or impractical to be implemented in ind ustry. It is interest to line of work that some of the methods which slangmed impractical even 10 years ago argon nowadays universe introduced owing to the increasing cost of fossil fuels. evokes derived from biomass and fellateification of sewage sludge and municipal waste and some methods of henry fuel production appear to hold the about promise. Different global aught scenario studies signalise that in India biomass may contri plainlye distributes more up to 30% of the muscularity add together by 2100 (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Gas turbines and combined impatientness and proponent (CHP) bodys are at the forefront of future European strategies on free energy production with accredited efficiencies for combined rung facilities above 60%. The main CHP targets are the reduction of the overall costs and the buildment of above 40 kW biomass- fired formations..Gas turbines enjoy certain merits relative to steam turbines and diesel engines. They have proud grade wa ste interchange, littleer incubus per unit of measurement power, dual fuel capability, broken in maintenance cost, low vibration levels, low capital cost, compact size, short slant time, juicy flexibility and reliability, fast first time, reject manpower, and have check environmental act. (P. A. Pilavachi et al 2000) This project foc enforces on alternative fuels as employ to industrial natural gas turbines owing to their projected increase in popularity in the short to medium marge at least. 3. Hydrogen 3. 1Production 3. 1. travel Reforming of Hydro coulombs The masses of enthalpy fuel production is before long via steam reforming of innate(p) gas this dish out involves the response of inherent gas or watery hydro ascorbic acids with high temperature steam to commence varying amounts of CO and H2. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons does not eliminate carbon dioxide but it greatly deoxidizes the amount which is discharged into the atmosphere. Steam reformin g of hydrocarbons is an efficient fashion of reducing CO2 emissions. In addition to the H2 educated during gasification a low temperature gas shift reaction with the remaining carbon monoxide fanny of the inning claim and H2.The off launch of steam reforming inborn gas along with the gas shift reaction are governed by the chemical equations below. (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Steam Reforming CH4 + pee CO + 3H2 ? H = +251 kJ/ seawall Gas Shift CO + weewee CO2 +H2 ? H= -42 kJ/ jetty (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) The release of CO2 asshole be completely eliminated in a expectant plant where the CO2 is captured and injected into an vegetable oil or gas reservoir. It is presently disputed amid scientists whether or not the production of H2 in this way releases more CO2 than directly burning fossil fuels. 3. 1. 2 piddle Splitting there is currently a lot of research concerning the divide of body of weewee to expose H2. This method is yet to flummox industrial application as it murders a lot of energy to split body of body of water supply and the only sustainable method is the part of renewable technologies to provide the energy. The warming glut is more likely to be use as a storage medium when the power generated by renewable technologies is not ingestd. An example of this would be the storage of power from a wind turbine during the day. There is a lot of very interesting research into water- split up with many methods beingness explored simultaneously.Thermo chemical water splitting utilize solar power is an interesting option. Direct thermal water splitting is impractical imputable to the energy requirements to raise up the water to 25000K. But if the water is reacted with surface oxides and redox materials it raise be achieved at a such(prenominal) lower temperature. The subject O and hydrogen are released at varied degrees eliminating the subscribe to for separation. This outgrowth outhouse be conducted in a cycle that produce s H2 more efficiently from solar radiation. 3. 1. 3Gasification of Waste & Biomass to produce syngasA Practical Example of waste to energy renewing is the Pyromex waste to energy induction in Germany. The Pyromex body is currently being used successfully to gasify industrial waste in a intend built plant in Munich Germany. Due to the fact there are no gaseous emissions from the system there is no need for the construction of smoke piles and the system is con placered separate to incineration by EU authorities. Emissions from the plant are in the form of solid sand like dry waste. The waste authorship is tabulated below and shows how utmost below allowable limits the border is.The altogether material in the subprogram is separate than unrecyclable waste products and the system can cut across sewage sludge, plastics, fly ash from power plants and unlike some other(a) waste products. The system has the potential to be a study contributor to the Hydrogen Economy. The pro totype plant working on a throughput of 25 ton/day had the potential to produce slightly 2150 kWh by a combined rouse to electricity and syngas engine source system. If used in combination with an industrial gas turbine there is no dubiousness that owing to the greater aptitude this power output could be improved.Fig. 1 run out gas emissions (Pyromex) 3. 1. 4The process The material to be gasified is introduced into the slowly turning nuclear reactor through a twain stage tank system. With this setup an oxygen free environment can be ensured in spite of appearance the reactor pipe, where the conversion of the organics to syngas takes place at over thouC. The produced gas is because cleaned with a honest acid and an alcalescent scrubber. Even though the temperatures within the reactor are far above 1000C, the surface remains quiet exuberant to be touched by hand.The PYROMEX gasification is a closed circuit process and thereof no emissions are released into the envi ronment. The process fly the coop chart below gives a better understanding of the workings of the plant. This process can be good scaled. And there are numerous plants completed and in the process of construction in Germany and the U. S. Fig. 2 Gasification process of producing syngas from waste & biomass (Pyromex) 3. 1. 5Application to industrial gas turbines at one time the hydrogen has been produced it can be coalesce with carbon monoxide which can as well be produced efficiently using solar power.This syngas can be used in an Industrial gas turbine with some modifications to the fuel beak system and careful control of the fuel air ratio to produce electricity. In the case of liquid fuel turbines the hydrogen can be converted to discordant hydrocarbons using the Fischer-Tropsch process. The use of hydrogen in a gas turbine is a comparatively new concept with the use of high hydrogen message syngas becoming an entrancing area for research. Unfortunately the use of hydro gen abundant gas in a strikeed gas turbine involves some tweaks to the ystem. The pictorial gas lean-pre coalesce combustors have to afford some modifications if fed with hydrogen rich fuels out-of-pocket to the combined effect of hydrogen shorter auto- fire hamper and faster flame speed. (Paulo Gobbato et al 2010) star of the routes with the highest potential is the pre conflagration route utilizing coal in an integrated gasification and combine cycle (IGCC). The challenge in utilizing hydrogen rich fuel is principally associated with its taked auto-ignition live time, which can be addressed in one of three approaches 1.De-rating the engine allowing the aforementioned(prenominal) mixing time by increasing the auto-ignition delay time through fixation the characteristics of the vitiated air (i. e. the inlet temperature of the sally to the SEV). 2. Decreasing the reactivity of the fuel i. e. by dilution with an inert gas. 3. Modifying the hardware either to reduce t he mixer residence time in line with the reduced auto ignition delay time or develop a concept which is less(prenominal) influenced by the reactivity of the fuel. (Nils Erland et al 2012) 4. m ethyl group alcohol 4. 1Abstract 5.When wood alcohol is intended to be used as fuel for gas turbine, it is very all- grave(prenominal) to enhance overall thermal competency of the gas turbine system, and to make it competitive with conventional oil or gas fuels. There are many ways to accomplish this. Combined cycle is not, however, a prim way, as this could in like manner be applied to conventional fuel. Noting the unique characteristic of methyl alcohol, the steam reforming regenerative cycle was investigated by many institutions. In this scheme, wasted heat of the gas turbine glance over gas is absentred to reformed gas.And it is recycled keister to the gas turbine as a part of fuel, and then resulting in increased overall efficiency of the gas turbine. thermic decomposition of methyl alcohol is overly an heat-absorbing reaction and may be applied to the regenerative cycle. In either case, however, only a part of the waste heat is recovered. Hence the hybrid system with combined cycle was proposed to achieve supererogatory heat recovery. But this is a mingled system. 4. 2Introduction 6. wood spirit, similarly known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH. . 8. Fig. 3 Chemical formulation of methyl alcohol 9. methyl alcohol can be used as alternative fuel in gas turbine. wood alcohol is made from natural gas, coal, and biomass. This was one of the older alternative fuels. Like ethanol, wood spirit is very good for melding with petrol to replace the harmful octane enhancers. The acquires of using M ethyl alcohol are that it reduces emissions, which has a material effect on bettering the environment. M ethyl alcohol can easy be liquefyed with gasolene. It also has a lower risk of flammability than normal gasolene. some other benefit of Methanol is that it is made from domestically renewable sources. Methanol can also be used to make the octane enhancer MTBE. Another huge possible benefit of Methanol is that it can be made into hydrogen. 10. 4. 3History 11. Methanol has been trial runed as a gas turbine fuel in the U. S. In 1974, a 12-hour test was conducted by Turbo indicant and marine in a 20 MW gas turbine at the Bayboro Station of Florida Power Corporation. The wood alcohol was fired as a liquid. nighttime emissions were 74% less than those from No. 2 Distillate, and CO emissions were comparable (Power 1979).In 1978 and 1979, EPRI and Southern atomic number 20 Edison Company sponsored a 523-hour test at SCEs Ellwood muscularity Support Facility, using one half of 52 4. 4Manufacturing Process 4. 4. 1 Production of methyl alcohol from tax write-off gas 12. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen react over a throttle valve to produce methyl alcohol. Today, the most widely used catalyst is a mixture of Cu (Copper), surface oxide, and alumina first used by ICI in 1966. At 510 M Pa (50100 atm) and 250 C, it can catalyze the production of methyl alcohol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with high selectivity (99. 8%) 13. CO + 2 H2 CH3OH..It is worth noting that the production of synthesis gas from methane produces three moles of hydrogen gas for every mole of carbon monoxide, spell the wood alcohol synthesis consumes only both moles of hydrogen gas per mole of carbon monoxide. One way of dealing with the unnecessary hydrogen is to inject carbon dioxide into the methanol synthesis reactor, where it, too, reacts to form methanol accord to the equation 14. CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O. 15. slightly chemists believe that the certain catalysts synthesize methanol using CO2 as an intermediary, and go through CO only indirectly. 6. CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O where the H2O byproduct is recycled via the gas shift reaction 17. CO + H2O CO2 + H2 , 18. This gives an overall reaction, which is the said(prenominal) as listed above. 19. CO + 2 H2 CH3OH 4. 5Industrial Process Fig. 4 Industrial process for creating Methanol 4. 5. 1STEP-1 Feed Production 20. The dickens main twain feed stocks, natural gas and water, both require purification before use. rude(a) Gas contains low levels of sulphur compounds and undergo a desulphurization process to reduce, the sulphur levels of less than one part per million.Impurities in the water are reduced to undetectable or split per billion levels before being converted to steam and added to the process. If not removed, these impurities can result in reduced heat efficiency and significant damages to study pieces of equipment. 4. 5. 2STEP-2 Reforming 21. It is the process which transforms the methane and the steam to intermediate reactants of hydrogen, carbon-dioxide and carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is also added to the feed gas stream at this stage to produce a mixture of componen ts in the saint ratio to efficiently produce methanol.This process is carried out in a meliorist furnace which is heated by burning natural gas as fuel. 22. reaction Reaction 4. 5. 3STEP-3 Methanol Synthesis 23. After removing additional heat from the reformed gas it is nasty before being sent to the methanol production stage in the synthesis reactor. Here the reactants are converted to methanol and separated out as a oil color product with a composition of methanol (68%) and water (31%). Traces of byproducts are also formed. Methanol conversion is at a rate of 5% per pass hence there is a continual cycle of the un- reacted gases in to the synthesis loop. 24.Reaction 25. 4. 5. 4STEP-4 Methanol Purification 26. The 68% methanol solution is purified in two distinct meters in tall distillment tugs called the topping mainstay and refining column to yield a refined product with a worth of 99% methanol classified as Grade AA refined methanol. 27. The methanol process is test ed at discordant stages and the finish product is stored in a large secured tank age area off the plant until such time that it is make believe to be delivered to customers. 4. 6How it works on a gas turbine 28. Chemical reaction tangled is It reacts with water to form carbon di oxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H). 9. CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 3H2 30. The reaction is endothermic and absorbs waste heat at round 300oC. The system carrying into action was predicted using in house process simulator called CAPES and found thermal efficiency of approx. 50% (LHV) when turbine inlet temperature is 1,100oC and coalescence ratio is 14. The schematic diagram presumptuousness below illustrates its function. 31. 32. Fig. 5 Methanol furnish gas turbine process 33. 34. The performance of the gas turbine with steam reforming was recalculated using professional/II. The similar adiabatic efficiency of 87% for compressor and 90% for turbine were used.Similar value of overall thermal efficiency of app rox. 50% was obtained as shown in Table-1. For reference, the performance of air heating system was also investigated. In this case, thermal efficiency was in the same level as reforming but total heat transfer area is 1. 7 times of steam reforming case. allows explain model making of steam reformer by PRO/II. After defining stoichiometric data for steam reforming reaction, Gibbs reactor was used for symmetry calculation at specified temperature. For combustor design, two combustion reactions were delimitate.Then two conversion reactors were connected in series and set the conversion parameter to 1. Both reactors are defined as adiabatic. 35. arouse exchangers having phase change were split into 10 to 20 zones and tend configurations were set to true counter scat. nominal pinch window panes were set to 10 to 20 oC. Pressure cast away of apiece exchangers were set to 0. 02-0. 01 atm and overall heat transfer coefficient were set to100kcal/h C. Flow precis unit Fig-1 Fig. -2 Waste Heat convalescence stock heating & Methanol Evap. Steam Reforming, Water Injection & Methanol Evap. Turbine niche Temperature oC 1,100 1,100 Compression symmetry - 14 14 Methanol Rate kgmol/h 0. 133 0. 133 stoichiometric Air Rate kgmol/h 1 1 Air Rate kgmol/h 4. 150 2. 600 Reforming Water Rate kgmol/h - 0. 133 center Water Rate kgmol/h - 0. 720 Excess Air breakwater Ratio - 4. 150 2. 600 Water/Air groyne Ratio - 0. 000 0. 277 Water/Methanol Mol Ratio - 0. 000 5. 414 1st Compressor Power kW -12. 472 -7. 814 1st Turbine Power kW 24. 128 19. 750 Water Injection Pump kW - -0. 006 gelt Shaft Power kW 11. 656 11. 930 Power Output kW 11. 423 11. 691Methanol Heat of Combustion (HHV) kW 47. 149 23. 574 Methanol HHV kJ/mol 638. 10 638. 10 Overall Thermal Efficiency (HHV) % 48. 45 49. 59 Compressor adiabatic Efficiency % 87 87 Turbine adiabatic Efficiency % 90 90 rootage Efficiency % 98 98 Methanol Evaporator heavens/Pinch menses m2/oC 0. one hundred forty/10 0. 138/5 Me thanol crusader Area/Reaction Temp. m2/oC - 0. 201/300 Air Heater Area/Pinch Point/Max. Temp. m2/oC 2. 972/10/525 0 Water Evaporator Area/Pinch Point m2 - 1. 452/10 Total Surface Area m2 3. 112 1. 791 Exhaust Temperature oC 335. 3 102. 5 Table 1 Methanol Fuel Gas Turbine with Steam Reforming & Water Injection or Air Heating 4. 7Feasibility 36. MW, twin engine, gas turbine generator unit supplied by Turbo Power and Marine Systems, Inc. (Edison Co. 1981). The methanol was fired as a liquid. whatsoever fuel system modifications were performed to permit the higher(prenominal) mass and volumetrical flow of methanol to achieve base load output. nigh elastomers in the fuel system were re dictated with materials ladder-proof to methanol attack. The tests showed Operations on methanol are as flexible as on natural gas or distillate fuel.The ability to start, stop, accelerate, decelerate, perform machine-controlled synchronization, and respond to control signals is equal to trading op erations on either natural gas or distillate fuel. Turbine performance on methanol is improved over other fuels due to higher mass flow and the lower combustion temperatures resulting from methanol operations. Oxides of northward emissions on them ethanol-fueled turbine, without water injection, were approximately 80% of the emissions of the distillate-fueled turbine with water injection. There was a significant reduction in particulate emissions during methanol operation.An additional reduction in oxides of atomic number 7 emission was obtained during operations of the methanol-fueled turbine with water injection. No significant problems occurred during the test that could be attributed to methanol. The hot end inspection indicated cleaner components within the methanol-fueled turbine. During 1984-1985, GE conducted methanol combustion tests of industrial gas turbine combustors in a toffee-nosed study for Celanese Chemical Company, Inc. This work is unpublished. The tests were conducted at GEs Gas Turbine. ontogeny Laboratory in Schenectady, N . Y.Tests were performed with an MS6001B all-out combustor representative of GE heavy-duty gas turbine combustors, and an MS7001 developmental dry low no combustor. Then ethanol was fired as a liquid, dry and also with water addition. A high-pressure centrifugal wield was used to supply the methanol to the combustor. The tests show that methanol fuel can be successfully burned in GE heavy-duty combustors without requiring study modifications to the combustor. dark emissions were approximately 20% of those for the same combustor firing NO. 2 distillate at the same firing temperature.With water addition, NOx levels of 9 ppmv could be achieved. Liner metal temperatures, get out pattern factors, and dynamic pressures were not importantly affected by methanol combustion and met GE criteria for acceptable performance. The results are sensible for 2000 F firing temperature machines (E-class). Additional work would be required to confirm performance with methanol fuel, elevated firing temperatures of the F series of machines. Vaporized methanol will reduce NOx 5% to 10% (relative to CH4 emissions) whereas liquid methanol will reduce NOx 30% relative to CH4 emissions.Water content in the methanol provides make headway NOx reduction. In 1984, a field test demonstration was performed at the University of California at Davis (California capability Commission 1986). Methanol was fired in a 3. 25 MW Allison 501-KB gas turbine for 1,036 hours. Low NOx emissions were observed and were further reduced by mixing water with the methanol. Problems encountered with the traditional gas turbine fuel heart and soul were bypassed by using an off-board centrifugal pump. 4. 8Advantages & Disadvantages 37. Methanol is a liquefied form of methane, a naturally-occurring gaseous hydrocarbon produced by decomposition.Currently, methane is burned as a waste gas at oil drill platforms, coal mining sites, landfills , and sewage treatment plants. The advantage is methane, and its derived methanol is that it is extremely plentiful drilling for oil, mining coal, and the decomposition of organic numerate all produce methane al posit. As a hydrocarbon similar to propane and petroleum, methane is a very powerful, volatile gas that can easily take the place of petroleum without marked disintegration in power or major retooling of existing technologies.The disadvantages of methanol is the process by which methane is converted into a liquid at normal temperatures by mixing methane with natural gas and gun, methane is converted into methanol. But the need for gasoline does not entirely wean the United States off of oil, so its alternative status is questionable. Additionally, the process to capture, store, and convert methane is prohibitively expensive compared to gasoline. 38. 4. 9Conclusion 39. Methanol is considered a well-made turbine fuel, with the promise of low emissions, excellent heat rate, and high power output.The gas turbine fuel system must be special to accommodate the higher mass and volumetric flow of methanol (relative to natural gas or distillate). The low eye blink head word of methanol necessitates explosion proofing. The low flash point also dictates that startup be performed with a secondary fuel such as distillate or natural gas. Testing to date has been with methanol as a liquid. GE is comfortable with methanol as a liquid or vapor. GE is prepared to make commercialised offers for new or modified gas turbines utilizing methanol fuel in liquid or vapor form found on the earlier experience.Some combustion interrogation may be required for modern machines applying for very low NOx permits. 5. Power Alcohol 5. 1Introduction Power Alcohol is a mixture of petroleum and ethanol in different proportions and due to these proportions different name are given to to each one blend like- 1. As a blend of 10 pct ethanol with 90 percent unleaded gasoline call ed E-10 unleaded. 2. As a component of reformulated gasoline, both directly and/or as ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). 3. As a primary fuel with 85 part of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded gasoline called E-85. (Rex weber 2003) When mixed with unleaded gasoline, ethanol increases octane levels, decreases exhaust emissions, and anaesthetizes the supply of gasoline. Ethanol in its liquid form, called ethyl alcohol, can be used as a fuel when blended with gasoline or in its original state. salubrious the production of ethanol fuel began way back in1907 but Ethanol use and production has increased considerably during the mid-eighties and 1990s not just due to the lack of fossil fuels but was also due to several other factors 1.Ethanol reduces the countrifieds dependence on merchandise oil, lowering the trade deficit and ensuring a dependable source of fuel should opposed supplies be interrupted. 2. Farmers sympathize an increased demand for grain which helps to stabi lize prices. 3. The quality of the environment improves. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced, and lead and other carcinogens (cancer causing agents) are removed from gasoline. 5. 2Chemistry Glucose (a simple sugar) is developd in the plant byphotosynthesis. 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + light C6H12O6+ 6 O2 Duringethanol upheaval,glucoseis de comprised into ethanol andcarbon dioxide.C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2+ heat During combustion ethanol reacts withoxygento produce carbon dioxide,water, and heat C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2+ 3 H2O + heat After doubling the combustion reaction because two specks of ethanol are produced for each glucose molecule, and adding all three reactions together, there are equal numbers of each type of atom on each side of the equation, and the net reaction for the overall production and consumption of ethanol is just Glucose itself is not the only substance in the plant that is fermented. The simple sugarfructosealso undergoes upheaval.Three other compounds in the plant can be fermented after breaking them up byhydrolysisinto the glucose or fructose molecules that compose them. Starchandcelluloseare molecules that are draw of glucose molecules, and sucrose(ordinary table sugar) is a molecule of glucose bonded to a molecule of fructose. The energy to create fructose in the plant finally write outs from the metabolism of glucose created by photosynthesis, and so cheer also provides the energy generated by the fermentation of these other molecules. Ethanol may also be produced industrially from ethylene(ethylene).Addition of water to the double bond converts ethene to ethanol C2H4+ H2O CH3CH2OH This is through in the comportment of an acid whichcatalyzesthe reaction, but is not consumed. The ethene is produced from petroleum bysteam cracking. 5. 3Production Ethanol can be produced by various methods but the most commonly used in todays mankind is by the method of fermentation and distillment of sugar lambaste, grains, corn etc. 5. 3. 1Ethanol from su gar cane The first stage in ethanol production is to grow a reduce such as sugar cane. The sugar cane of cut agglomerate and undergoes fermentation and distillate. 5. 3. 2FermentationCrushed sugar cane in placed in fermentation tanks. Bacteria in the tanks acts on the sugar cane and in time produce a crude form of ethanol. This is then passed on to the distillation stills where it is refined to a pure form. 5. 3. 3Distillation The dingy/crude ethanol is heated in a still until it vaporizes and rises into the neck where it unruffleds and condenses back to pure liquid ethanol. The impurities are unexpended behind in the still. The ethanol trickles down the condensing tube into a barrel, ready for distribution. When burned it produces fewer pollutants than traditional fuels such as petrol and diesel.Fig. 6 Distillation process of impure/crude ethanol The production of petroleum is done by the waist-length distillation of crude oil. 5. 3. 4Fractional Distillation The various comp onents of crude oil have different sizes, weights and stewing temperatures so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different stewing temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called divisional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows 1. Youheatthe mixture of two or more substances (liquids) with different boil points to a high temperature.Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of close to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixtureboils, forming vapor (gases) most substances go into the vapor phase. 3. Thevaporenters the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a disentangled cap on a sodium carbonate bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. They increase the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column andhelp to collect liquids that form a t various heights in the column.There is a temperature contrariety across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top). 4. Thevapor risesin the column. 5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, itcools. 6. When a substance in the vapor reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substances boiling point, it willcondenseto form a liquid. (The substance with the low boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column. ). 7.The trayscollectthe various liquid fractions. 8. The collected liquid fractions maypass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or they maygo to other areas for further chemical processing Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with condense differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process. The oil refining process starts with a fractional d istillation column. On the right, you can see several chemical processors that are exposit in the next section.Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. Many of them must be chemically processed to make other fractions. For example, only 40% of distilled crude oil is gasoline however, gasoline is one of the major products made by oil companies. quite a than continually distilling large quantities of crude oil, oil companies chemically process some other fractions from the distillation column to make gasoline this processing increases the yield of gasoline from each barrel of crude oil.Fig. 7 Fractional distillation of crude oil 5. 4Air pollution Compared with conventionalunleaded gasoline, ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water andaldehydes. gun produces 2. 44CO2equivalentkg/l and ethanol 1. 94. Since ethanol contains 2/3 of the energy per volume as gasoline, ethan ol produces 19% more CO2than gasoline for the same energy. The divest Air Actrequires the addition ofoxygenatesto reduce carbon monoxide emissions in the United States.The additiveMTBEis currently being phased out due to end water contamination hence ethanol becomes an attractive alternative additive. Annual Fuel Ethanol Production by realm (20072011)2646566 Top 10 countries/regional blocks (Millions of U. S. liquid gallons per year) World rank Country/ neighbourhood 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 1 United States 13,900 13,231 10,938 9,235 6,485 2 brazil nut 5,573. 24 6,921. 54 6,577. 89 6,472. 2 5,019. 2 3 European nitty-gritty 1,199. 31 1,176. 88 1,039. 52 733. 0 570. 30 4 China 554. 76 541. 55 541. 55 501. 90 486. 00 5 Thailand 435. 20 89. 80 79. 20 6 Canada 462. 3 356. 63 290. 59 237. 70 211. 30 7 India 91. 67 66. 00 52. 80 8 Colombia 83. 21 79. 30 74. 90 9 Australia 87. 2 66. 04 56. 80 26. 40 26. 40 10 Other 247. 27 Table 2 Annual fuel ethanol production by awkward Tab le 2 Annual fuel ethanol production by body politic World Total 22,356. 09 22,946. 87 19,534. 993 17,335. 20 13,101. 7 5. 5AdvantagesEthanol has a higher octane number (113) than regular unleaded gasoline (87) and exchange premium unleaded gasoline (93). Complete combustion Ethanol molecules contain 35 percent oxygen, and serve as an oxygenate to raise the oxygen content of gasoline fuel. Thus, it helps gasoline burn completely and reduces the buildup of gummy deposits. oppose overheating Ethanol burns tankful than gasoline. Fuel Type Ethanol perpetual Gasoline Premier Gasoline E10 Gasohol E85 Gasohol button Content (/Gallons) 84,600 125,000 131,200 120,900 90,660 Table 3 push content of fuelsEnergy content As shown in Table 2, fuel ethanol contains just about 33 percent less energy content than regular gasoline. The energy content of gasohol blends (E10 or E85) is determined by the energy content of ethanol and gasoline, and their ratio. Emissions from ethanol are about 4 8% of diesel it is lowest of any of the fuels. The clean burning characteristics extend turbine life, possibly by as much as 100%. (K. K. Gupta 2010) 5. 6Disadvantages Loss of power and performance Pure ethanol is over 100+ octane, and provides the fuel with much of its octane rating.Because Ethanol burns at a lower temperature than the older (MTBE) gas, boaters can expect to see a 2 to 3 % drop in RPM. Use of ethanol in the pure state or as a blend would probably require replacement of any white metal or aluminum in the system as well as some elastomers. (K. K. Gupta 2010) 6. References Hydrogen Journal Papers G. L. Juste (2006) Hydrogen injection as additional fuel in gas turbine combustor. evaluation of effects. foreign Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31 (2006) 2112 2121 K. K. Gupta a,*, A. Rehman b, R. M.Sarviya b, (2010) Bio-fuels for the gas turbine A review. Renewable and sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 29462955 P. A. Pilavachi (2000), Power generation with gas turbine systems and combined heat and power, utilize Thermal Engineering 20 (2000) 14211429 Paolo Gobbato*, Massimo Masi, Andrea Toffolo, Andrea Lazzaretto (2010) numeral simulation of a hydrogen fuelled gas turbine combustor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011) 7993- 8002 Nils Erland L. Haugena, Christian Brunhuberb and Marie Bysveena (2012) Hydrogen fuel supply system and re-heat gas turbine.Combustion Energy Procedia 23 ( 2012 ) 151 160 Website Pyromex Technology interpretation http//www. pyromex. com/index. php/en/pyromex-technology/technology-description Methanol & Power alcohol A Special radical burning Tomorrows Fuels, Power, S14-S15, February 1979. Test and Evaluation of Methanol in a Gas Turbine System, Southern California Edison Company, EPRI Report AP-1712, February 1981. Methanol. Clean Coal Stationary Engine materialisation Project. Executive Summary, California Energy Commission, Report P500-86-004, February 1986. Methanol Power Generation inference Tes t Starts for a Power start at Peak Demand Nipponese High-Technology Monitor, 5 April 1993. Ethanol blended fuels Rex Weber 2003 of Northwest Iowa Community College in cooperation with the Iowa clavus Promotion Board. Fuel Ethanol Zhiyou Wen, character Engineer, Biological System Engineering, Virginia Tech potty Ignosh, Area Specialist, Northwest District, Virginia Cooperative quotation, Jactone Arogo, Extension Engineer, Biological System Engineering, Virginia Tech