Compare Joy’s present job Essay

1. Compare Joy’s present job to what you think her previous job as a salesperson might have been. How are they similar? How are they different? Joy’s position as regional sales director is similar to her previous job as salesperson in that both are people-oriented. In the job as salesperson, she would have met with clients, traveled, and dealt with many people face-to-face. As a salesperson, however, she was in control of her own time. Her present job involves working through other people, and she must cope with many problems. The job is fragmented and involves communicating and negotiating. Thus, the managerial position is much broader in scope and contains many more day-to-day problems and interruptions. 2.What managerial skills are depicted in the case? Which skill is most important for Joy to possess? Why? Human and conceptual skills are most important in Joy’s present job–especially human skills. She works with subordinates, peers, and superiors–all requiring good human skills. 3. Why do you feel Joy may be disenchanted with her present job? The disenchantment may result from unrealistic expectations about the sales director’s job. Many people who have excellent technical skills and succeed at a technical job expect to continue performing the same tasks when they become managers. But as one moves up the management hierarchy, the various management functions become more important, and they require human and conceptual rather than technical skills. People who succeed as managers enjoy the opportunity to perform these functions and display these skills. For Joy, the greatest frustration seems to be her inability to control her own time and the need to work through other people, many of whom may disagree with what she is trying to accomplish. Thus, the key management issues become persistence and frequent negotiations.

Evaporationin Our Daily Life Essay

In a society based only on materialistic possessions, sometimes we overlook even the simplest of things, and the most valuable to our survival as a human race and as a planet. Everywhere around us people envy great architects and artists because of their remarkable creations. Though, we, as a human race disregard the importance of less tangible commodities, developed by the greatest artist ever, Mother Nature. She has given us the most magnificent and staggering artwork imaginable, our environment. But only through the most convoluted processes have these masterpieces been created. From humans to flowers and everything in between, a thorough process is behind everything. Before birth, for example, human must grow and develop through their three trimesters. Also before a plant is full-grown, it must first mature and survive as a seedling. Because although living creatures may be the most evident of Mother Nature’s creations, there may be more to it. Life is only possible in a suitable environment. On earth, that environment is created by our weather dynamics. Weather dynamics is the study of how the motion of water and air cause weather patterns. Our Global weather systems are reflections of our atmosphere and its make up. Weather systems react to the temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. These three control systems are affected by one simple process, evaporation. Evaporation is the conversion of liquid water directly into its vapor or gaseousstate. Through evaporation, water from the surface is transferred straight into the atmosphere. Worldwide, evaporation is usually seen as the moderator of weather. Evaporation controls cloud cover, surface temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. All of these factors depend on the rate of evaporation and the differentiation in the rate of evaporation allows for the diverse climate conditions, which we see around the world each day. This leads us to the question that must be answered, to know and understand the factors that affect the rate of evaporation. Through extensive thought and calibration we have found that the six factors, which effect evaporation are temperature, surface area, humidity, presence of foreign particles, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed. The first and most important factor that affects evaporation is temperature. Temperature is the measure of the average amount of energy in the particles of a particular substance. Many people are probably already aware that when water boils, it will evaporate into the air as a vapor or gas until there is no liquid left in that particular container. This is true, because liquids achieve the peak level of evaporation when heated to their boiling point. What few realize though, is that as temperature decreases, there is still evaporation, the amount occurring at any given time though, does decrease with the temperature. The reason why temperature affects evaporation is fairly simple to understand when referring to the collision model. In the collision model, it states that in order to increase the rate of any reaction you must either increase the number of collisions, or increase the fraction of collisions that are effective. Increasing the temperature allows the rate of evaporation to increase through two methods. First of all, in a true, constant environment, temperature of the water, and temperature of the surrounding air usually is fairly similar, so variations of surrounding temperatures do not often change the temperature of the water. But, by increasing the temperature of the water, it gives molecules more kinetic energy. This allows more molecules to break through or escape into the atmosphere by increasing the number of collisions with air particles. This raise in the temperature also increases the effectiveness of each collision by granting more molecules the activation energy required to escape into the surrounding air, therefore increasing the rate of evaporation significantly. Temperature is most likely the number one factor when looking at evaporation in relation to rainfall around the world. But aside from Temperature, many other factors are recognized as affecting the rate of evaporation. The second factor, which we believe, plays a role in the rate at which evaporation occurs is surface area. Surface area of a liquid could be defined as the area or amount of water which in constant contact with the atmosphere. Surface area plays a large role in our weather systems, as shown  by our oceans. Our oceans our widely exposed to the atmosphere and have a large surface area. This in turn allows them to produce most of the moisture in the air through evaporation. The change in the rate of evaporation by surface area is evident for all eyes in the proceeding experiments later in this report. The effect that surface area has on evaporation can be explained using the example from the understanding concepts question #1 on page 535. In this question it states that one litre of water is placed into each a pie plate and a jar. They were both placed into the same room and were given time to evaporate. Our prediction is that the water in the pie plate would evaporate quicker, assuming its opening was wider than the jar. This would be because of the difference in surface area. In this case as in every other increase in evaporation due to surface area increase, it can be explained by one simple fact. Allowing the two reactants (air and water) to contact more of each other will increase the rate of reaction. This occurs because of the increase in the number of collisions occurring between the two substances, according to the collision model, will increase the rate of reaction. The third instance where we believe the evaporation rate would change is with the fluctuation of relative humidity. Humidity is defined as the amount of water vapor in a defined space relative to the amount of air present. Humidity can be used to explain question #5 on page 235, why people who are in Arizona at 33 degrees Celsius feel more comfortable than people at the same temperature in Toronto do. The general population usually does not like the heavy feeling of moisture in the air and in Toronto, humidity is much higher than in the dry state of Arizona, which explains the comfort variation. Also, in reference to question #3 on the same page, humidity would affect the evaporation of these lakes. And in all instances, humidity strongly affects the rate of evaporation of any body of water. Unfortunately, although we, as a group, were not able to test our hypothesis because of lack of materials, we feel that we can strongly support it with scientific  fact. Directly, humidity fills the space in between air particles with water vapor. Because these spaces are filled, now there is less room in the surrounding environment for water molecules escaping from the water. In turn, the increase in humidity will decrease the rate of evaporation by â€Å"raising the bar† for the amount of activation energy that any given particle needs to escape into the atmosphere. This decreases the effectiveness of collisions in the physical change of evaporation occurring here. On the other hand though, a decrease in the amount of moisture in the air will increase the rate of evaporation by increasing the effectiveness of collisions in particles trying to escape into the atmosphere. In short, humidity plays an important role in evaporation worldwide. The next factor that affects evaporation is the presence of foreign particles, and the most predominant, salt. Water, as we know, is rarely found pure which is why we conducted this experiment. As presented by question #4 on page 535, we pondered whether salt water or fresh water would evaporate faster. Our conclusion that we reached is that fresh water would evaporate quicker. First of all, salt water is not a chemical combination; therefore, no properties, such as, the boiling point would change by a great amount. Salt water though, does have a slower rate of evaporation because it reduces the amount of water particles that have access to the air. With less water molecules able to reach the air, fewer particles have a chance of escaping. This is true and is supported by the collision model, because in the model, as in this example, the reduction in the collisions between particles causes the rate of evaporation to recess. But, salt content is not the only factor that has an affect on the rate of evaporation of water. Also, Atmospheric pressure has a great affect on the rate of evaporation. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure that air exerts upon objects as it is pulled, by gravity, towards the center of the earth. And although, due to lack of material limitations we could not conduct this experiment, we believe atmospheric pressure has an affect on evaporation similar to that of humidity. With a greater pressure, air molecules are packed closer together and there is less space between them. Then, like humidity, a greater atmospheric pressure â€Å"raises the bar† and activation energy needed for water  molecules to escape into the atmosphere and surrounding air. This â€Å"raise† reduces the effectiveness of collisions with the air and therefore, reduces the rate of evaporation when atmospheric pressure is greater. Generally, this explains why high-pressure systems are associated with no or little cloud cover. There is little moisture in the air to form clouds and provide our nic e clear day. The sixth and final factor that affects the rate of evaporation is wind speed or the presence of wind. Wind is generally associated with the horizontal movement of air, as a type of advection. As asked in question #2 on page 535, increase in the speed or amount of wind, increases the evaporation of a liquid. These can be explained by using our experiment with the vacuum hood. As water evaporates, the humidity of the air increases because the spaces between air particles are becoming filled with water molecules. As we have learned, leaving these particles in the air increases humidity and subsequently reduce the rate of evaporation, the opposite affect of which we want. What wind does, is it blows the water particles away from the surface of the water allowing more room for particles to evaporate into the atmosphere. The second way that wind helps to increase the rate of evaporation is it lowers the atmospheric pressure exerted on the water. According to Bernoulli’s principle, when the speed of the air is high, the pressure is low, and when the speed of the air is low, the pressure is high. Wind increase the speed of the air, and in turn, lowers the pressure on the surface of the water. This, combined with the significant drop in humidity â€Å"lowers the bar† of activation energy required by water molecules to escape into the atmosphere and increases the rate of evaporation by increasing the effectiveness of the particles that are trying to escape into the vapor in the air. All in all, weather makes life possible, but one of the most predominant forces in the complexity of weather is the process of evaporation. And  although, this process is overlooked by many, it is valued and recognized as an important process in sustaining life by all members of our group. With 80% of all water coming from saltwater oceans, factors that affect evaporation must be studied in order to utilize this natural purifying process to our advantage. By studying temperature, surface area, humidity, presence of foreign particles, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed, we may some day do what Mother Nature has been doing for centuries, use evaporation to our advantage. And as a group, individuals in a worldwide community, I could only imagine the possibilities if everyone was informed about our weather. Because what some take for granted now, may not be there when we need it, in the end, necessary for survival.

Media Release Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Release - Article Example The major aim of the action is to let the people speak out on the problem, so Warriors will be telling their stories and sharing their view of the problem with public in different cities of Australia. Two speakers, representatives of Pacific Climate Warriors, will deliver their speeches pointing how climate change affects their mundane life. A local campaigner will also tell about the work that is done and can be done by everyone at homes. The events will be held in a form of lecture but public will have an opportunity to engage in the discussion. The purpose of the speech is to attract more Australian dwellers to the movement and to the open acknowledgement of the problem. The speaking events, as the core of the action, will also include small performances representing local culture with the help of dance and singing. 350 international climate change movement represented by Pacific Warriors in this action has an influential and powerful message regarding negative consequences of the climate change, that needs to be delivered to the public. First of all, this action is symbolic for Pacific region inhabitants who will cooperate to acknowledge and voice the problem of climate change that threatens their environment. Secondly, As the 350 organization is not well known to an average Australian, this action is aimed to make it closer and provide people with clear and concise message regarding climate change. It will help them to understand whom to refer to for help and support regarding this environmental problem. Third, sharing personal people`s stories will bring the problem on the new reachable distance and will become visible on the highest level of authorities. As long as it concerns real people, climate change evokes more attention and actions worldwide. It is important that the inhabitants of Pa cific states will address to G20 leaders in order to ask for putting the problem to

The Hitler Youth in WWI and WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Hitler Youth in WWI and WWII - Essay Example The designer of the organization was Kurt Gruber, a law undergraduate and follower of Hitler from Palauan, Saxony. He merged collectively quite a few of the underground youth units to shape a developing national organization. It was named as the Greater German Youth Movement or the GDJB. After a short influence fight with the competitor group, the Gruber succeeded and his Greater German Youth Movement developed into the Nazi Party's authorized youth organization. In 1926, the organization was renamed as Hitler Jugend, Bund deutscher Arbeiterjugend which meant Hitler Youth, League of German Worker Youth, and for the first time in the history, the organization formally turned into an important branch of the Sturmabteilung. In 1930's, the Hitler Jugend had enrolled more than 25,000 boys, who were the age of fourteen and onwards. It also arranged a secondary subdivision for small children which were named as the Deutsches Jungvolk, for the boys of age 10 to 14. However, girls from 10 to 18 were also specified with their own similar organization, the Bund Deutscher Mdel (BDM), the League of German Girls. In 1932, the Hitler Youth was prohibited by the Chancellor Heinrich Bruning in an endeavor to end the extensive political hostility. Although by June 1932, the ban was removed by his heir, Franz von Papen as the means of reassuring Hitler whose political leading light was rising swiftly. An additional noteworthy growth force began in 1933, when Baldur von Schirach converted into the initial Reich Youth Leader, dispensing a lot of time and greater amount of wealth into the development of the organization. (Michael H. Kater, 2004). The Hitler Jugend's were sighted as the upcoming "Aryan supermen" who were trained in anti-Semitism. Their major aim was to inspire the enthusiasm that would allow the Hitler Jugend associates as the armed forces, to battle devotedly for the Third Reich. The Hitler Jugend or HJ set additional importance on physical and military preparation than on scholastic education. After the boys scout progress was prohibited by the German restricted states, the HJ corrected a lot of its activities, though altered in content and purpose. Such as, several HJ activities personally looked like military training, with artillery training, battering classes and fundamental policy. Some brutality by the grown-up boys to the younger ones was endured and they were even encouraged, as it was considered that this would prepare the weak and make others strong. However, the Hitler Jugend was prearranged into groups under mature leaders. From the start of 1936, membership of the Hitler Jugend became obligatory for all youthful German men. The Hitler Jugend was also observed as a significant stone moving forward to future membership of the privileged Schutzstaffel. Members of the HJ were mostly proud to be granted with the solitary Sig Rune which means the victory symbol. The Schutzstaffel or SS used two Sig Runes as their mark and this sign provided to characteristically connect the two units. The HJ, moreover, maintained numerous groups intended to expand upcoming officers for the Wehrmacht. The unit presented professional pre-training for every one of the particular armaments for which the HJ member was eventually designed. The Marine Hitler Youth, for instance, was the biggest group

Analysing Conflict Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysing Conflict - Coursework Example A rookie metallurgist, who had been responsible for monitoring furnace conditions during melting processes and oversee casting processes, was also assigned the task of manually operating the overhead crane to fill in the molds with the molten steel. A foundry, being a stressful work environment, often makes things delicate with no chance for error and apprentice engineers are often made to undertake all responsibilities of the technicians for them to get acquainted with the equipment and work process. Under such circumstances, the fresh metallurgist filed a complaint against the foundry manager for assigning him tasks he was overqualified for, feeling that the task was below him and further took it as a personal insult or at minimum, an obstruction to his career. This case became the center of contention in the workplace hindering work shifts causing a rift between the technical labor and the engineers. To avoid spreading this chaos to other departments, the company decided to deal w ith the case by giving the metallurgist a hearing with the top management. Most of the top managers being in favor of the current process turned down most of the suggestions by the metallurgist which resulted in legal threats and further complication of the case. The contention, shortly followed by a previous cooled down conflict between labors and the top management, that had put the fresh engineers on wrong side of technician workforce had now also put the top management, engineers and managers alike, on a third stance further complicating the situation. In this case, experienced employee engineers were requested to intervene, to prevent legal ramifications or work process hindering, as a process of informal mediation. Conflicts can generally be divided into three main categories: relationship conflict, process conflict and task conflict. A relationship conflict would mainly consist of issues like personal discrimination and interpersonal conflicts between employees or the involve d people, task conflicts on the other hand are less of hindrance to the work process itself in general and often results in positive discussions about task improvement and goals. Process conflicts are more negative and often invite combinations of other conflicts to increase complications since the main issue is about the work process and the way things are being handled at work or a project. Greenberg (2003) describes a process conflict to be a clash of views about how task accomplishment should proceed in terms of assigned duties and tasks, responsibilities and accountability. A successful mediator needs to gather some essential data about the conflict in order to be fully equipped for dealing with the situation. The first thing to do is to understand the nature of the conflict. The three basic types defined above are essential to be considered. Once the nature of the conflict is known, the mediator would determine the underlying needs of the involved parties. Irvine and Adam Gers ch (2002) suggest such data gathering to be one of the basic roles of the mediator. Statistical data gathering has been termed as a best practice for mediation in contentious issues for satisfaction of the conflicting parties. Further data gathering would involve the types of tasks the perceived aggrieved party was made to perform in regards to the example of the metallurgist. These tasks would then be

Compare movie to articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare movie to articles - Essay Example However, his art became a treat of his legacy when he was called as a friend witness in the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). He released a list of eight members who were in the communist party to the anti-communist. He went against his own principle by testifying in about the influence of communist in the film industry. The backlist of communist had invaded the film industry for about ten years. It had created a big division in the film industry. The division increased as time moved and thus the blacklist destroyed many lives during its operation. According to Kazan, the blacklist communists aimed at manipulating the culture of US institutions by maneuvering to advance a belligerent foreign policy. Kazan wanted to counter the situation which led him to testify in the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). His actions made him to be awarded in the Oscar awards. Half of the audience who attended the Oscar awards ceremony got angry about the award given to Ka zan and thus decided to protest against the decision of giving Kazan the award (Barzman 32). They argued that Kazan was morally compromised since he was also a communist. His artistic form of film directing gave him the chance to expose illegal activities in the government through films and also helped in the depiction of the civil society. A lot of people could not understand why he decided to expose the eight communist. However he clearly stated in his defense that the communist named in the blacklist were in the verge of manipulating the US culture thus he acted in order to conserve it. Distorting the US culture would greatly affect the production of film in the United States. Kazan used the film ‘On the Waterfront’ to justify his testimony before HUAC as he focuses on a temporary hero who turns out to be a focal summit of collective action. This directly pointed to his case where he tried to save the cultural value of the state and ended up being the victim of his o wn contribution as people turned to criticize his actions. This is the same way many readers disagree with the readings and ideas in the film ‘On the Waterfront’. Kazan does not focus fully on politics as he also introduces the art of love story in his film (Horne 25). This was to show that he was not only advocating for communism but also considered the moral culture of the society. The story of job in the bible can be compared to the moral approach in the case of Kazan. God gave the devil permission to test the faith of Job. Job always thought that his sons had in a way sinned against God. This made his offer burnt sacrifices on several occasions to pardon their sins. This notion shows that Job was greatly concerned about the conservation of morals that were pleasing to God. Therefore, he made sure that his sons kept good morals and were not swayed away by the devil. This can be related to Kazan’s case as he advocated for the conservation of the American cultur e and would go to the extent of unlashing the names of his colleagues whom he felt were going against his beliefs. The release of the blacklist portrays this aspect as it contains Kazan’s fellow directors. Job was tested by the devil in several occasions but he stood farm to his belief in God. His family abandoned him since they say that his beliefs would not heal him. Job faced rebellion from his own people in the same way Kazan experienced a period of

Emergency Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Emergency Management Plan - Essay Example â€Å"Communication lines are often knocked out altogether or if not they are either overloaded or sketchy or busy† (Lalrokima, 2013, p.176). This is because most people attempts to use the lines when a disaster strikes. â€Å"Wireless system is the obvious choice when normal telephone and mobile phone does not exist† (Lalrokima, 2013, p.176). Wireless communication of a radio is based on radio waves that use the satellite or terrestrial system. Another option of communication that can be adopted is Radio frequency spectrum that covers very minimum to extreme maximum frequencies (Lalrokima, 2013). It is significant to consider the distance between the Emergency Operation Center (EOC) and the Incident Command Posts. It is because EOC manages the community-wide resources necessary to complete the rescue operations. The EOC requests resources through mutual aid and establishes traffic control points at critical evacuation junctions. In addition, the EOC locates the resources, directs them to staging areas set up by the ICP operation, and releases them to the Incident Commander’s control. Meanwhile, the EOC requires status updates from the Incident Commander to determine how long the shelters must remain open. In addition, the EOC determines resource distribution of food and sanitation facilities among the shelters operating on the ICP network (Zobel, 2008). In many occasions when an incident occurs, whether major accidents or minor incidents such as a house fire or major calamities such as hurricanes and earthquakes, it needs responses from a variety of agencies. Despite how big the incident is, all calamities require a well-organized and determined attempt to ensure a successful response and achieve the maximum use of available resources. In other words, no single agency can handle an emergency of any scale alone. Therefore, having a multiple incidents command posts ensures that there is efficient use of all of the available

RESEARCH PAPER ON JAPANESE AMERICAN SEGREATION IN THE PERIOD OF Essay

RESEARCH PAPER ON JAPANESE AMERICAN SEGREATION IN THE PERIOD OF BOMBING OF PEARL HARBOR - Essay Example For example, the FBI, along with the Office of Naval Intelligence and Military Intelligence Division, wrote Sonia Shah, had conducted surveillance of the Japanese American community since the early 1930s, a decade before the Pearl Harbor bombing. (p. 179) Anti-Japanese immigration has been present ever since in communities and in the media. And, finally, the success of the attack highlighted the â€Å"racial inferiority† of the Japanese in the American point of view. Barry Dean Karl (1983) offered us an account: The training of the young Japanese air pilots to fly aircrafts was to crash and explode was taken as an example of Japanese racial character rather than military patriotism. Suicide was acceptable to Japan†¦ That the attack on Pearl Harbor was a sneak attack, was also taken as demonstrating a character defect, and it was presumed to have been necessitated by another Japanese defect: that they were shoddy manufacturers whose equipment could not stand up in a proper battle. (p. 202) Pearl Harbor as the worst defeat ever suffered by the American Navy was unbelievable to Americans. The American racism which fueled the previously outlined American perspective towards Japanese led many people to believe that Japan could not have pulled off their stunning raid without inside help of some sort. Here, we also see that American prejudice played a role in the base being unprepared: Commanders at the base refused to focus on what the Japanese were capable of doing and instead focused on what seemed to make sense for them to do. 3 Anti-Japanese sentiment eventually obscured any Japanese-American efforts to display loyalty to the United States. Swiftly, only three months after the bombing, President Franklin D. Roosevelt codified the hatred towards the Japanese when he issued Executive Order 9066 which mandated the exclusion and confinement of 120,000 Japanese-Americans in internment camps.4

Cholesterol and cardiovascular disease Research Paper

Cholesterol and cardiovascular disease - Research Paper Example Keywords: Cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia, heart attack, statins INTRODUCTION Cholesterol is a fat, a sterol. It is one of the main constituents of the cell membranes. Animal cells exclusively manufacture cholesterol, so it is an animal fat. Cholesterol is insoluble in water and is classified on the basis of density into very low density lipoproteins, intermediate density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins. The elevated levels of cholesterol in the human body play a very drastic role. The most crucial among all the effects is its effect on heart. The related symptoms may also arise depending upon the quantity of it in the blood and organs. REALTION BETWEEN CHOLESTROL AND HEART DISEASE When the level of cholesterol rises in blood, it starts getting accumulated in the inner walls of the vessels. Not all the fats are bad. There are two main types of cholesterol, we will deal here. One is the good cholesterol, HDL and other is bad one, LDL. These are t he two major types of fats in which they move around in the body. LDL clogs the arteries and HDL actually works opposite to it and helps clearing the cholesterol from blood. The total cholesterol level should be less than 200 mg/dL. The LDL level should be below 100 mg/dL. In general, higher the LDL levels, more are the chances of getting cardiac diseases. The LDL is of low density, it tends to accumulate in the blood vessels instead of circulating in the blood. Over the time, this buildup of LDL causes the hardening of the arteries. The arteries narrow down and blood flow gets slow. The blood is therefore, unable to carry the nutrients to the heart and person suffers from the chest pain. As the plaque deposit grows, it can block the main artery, coronary artery, causing heart attack (Webmd.com, 2013). RISK OF GETTING CARDIAC DISEASE Hypercholesterolemia is a modifying risk factor for coronary artery disease. There are many risk factors associated with an elevated level of cholester ol in body, some major are obesity, diabetes, heart failure, congestive heart disease, hormonal imbalance, glucose production inhibition, bleeding disorders, gynecological disorders like infertility, eye sight loss and many more. Heart attack is the major cause of death in the world. This heart attack and related cardiac diseases are due to the cholesterol. It is estimated that 54% of deaths in the Eastern Mediterranean Region are due to CVS disorders. In Oman, it is about 49%, and 13% in Somalia. The deaths due to the heart problems in UAE are about 28%, 19% in Sudan and 52% in Lebanon. About 600,000 Americans die due to heart attack. Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of their death. Every year, about 7 million Americans have heart attack. Out of these, some might had had an attack and others suffer first attack. The risk factors contributing to these deaths are obesity, poor diet, excessive alcohol intake and high lipid intake. The most common among all is the diet having high levels of bad fats along with sedentary lifestyle. About 49% have these risk factors in general,

Myths and narratives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Myths and narratives - Essay Example It goes on to explain the intricacies of the friendship between the two people, where they are a rock to each other in good times, especially when they are both enjoying and experiencing success. However, there comes time when one of them, labeled as a law breaker, makes a mistake and breaks the law, which threatens the friendship as the law-abiding friend tries to stay away from helping his friend. When the time of trial comes for the law breaker, he is sentenced to death, and because of his love for his law-abiding friend he frames him so that they are sentenced together and die together. This forms the basis of The Water Ghost narrative, which holds on to the ones it loves so that it is not left lonely in the next world. The story bears a common moral of not abandoning friends in time of needs as their love for those who abandon them could force them to take drastic measures against them leading to regrettable consequences. A critical look into the story shows that this is a rathe r uncommon occurrence as the law-breaking friend should leave the law-abiding one as he did nothing wrong. Instead, he frames him for wrongs that he did leading altogether to a paradoxical teaching and moral of friendship. However, listeners of the myth should pay attention to the intricacies of friendship and how friendships can ruin lives, even though with well-intended actions. A good highlight of this one is the way that the law-breaker frames the law abiding friend into serving a similar sentence with him despite being innocent. On the other hand, the same story shows the demerits of not meeting the expectations of friends when they are in difficult situations in spite of their actions. As such, the law abiding friend distances himself from the law breaker so that he is not implicated, but then again he gets framed to serve a similar sentence for breaking their beautiful friendship. The effectiveness of the events depicted in this story are applicable in many scenarios, especia lly when communicating a moral or social convention towards handling friendships in tight situations. As a result, the lesson acts as a guide to ward off bad friends and create awareness of different types of friendships as well as how much some friends are capable of ensuring the safety of their friends. It, however, fails in one aspect, which is that of helping with decision making towards friendships as it only portrays the positive and negative meaning of friendship likely to lead to not having any friends. At the same time the story also justifies irrational behavior in friendships. Narratives serve a crucial part in the delivery of information, where they are easily remembered by the audience, thus, bringing the concept closer to the audience (Calavera, 2008). In addition, narratives and storytelling such as the one above allow to pass concepts in fun ways and the ones that can easily be related to by the audience because stories are great ways of passing time and delivering c ommunication to the intended parties. Communication of a lesson in the form of a story is apparently different based on the evidence from studies which shows a higher level of captivation and arousal of interest as compared to the boredom brought about by following the rigid rules. These rules form a framework for resistance, while storytelling breaks away from the monotonous instruction of what should be done and that which should not. So,

The Watergate Scandal and Its Aftermath Essay Example for Free

The Watergate Scandal and Its Aftermath Essay On January 21, 1969, Richard Milhous Nixon was inaugurated as the 37th President of the United States and re-elected in January 3, 1973. On August 8, 1974, Nixon became the first US President to resign after impeachment proceedings were initiated against him over what has become known as â€Å"The Watergate Scandal.† (Watergate Chronology) The term Watergate has become synonymous with political cover-up, lies, crime skullduggery and scandal in the United States and worldwide.   The fact that a simple botched burglary opened a prodigious can of worms makes it all the more mind-boggling. As people began to realize that they were in the midst of a conspiracy that reached all the way to the top, they began to wonder just how deep, and how widespread, the rot went. Nixon himself has denied any complicity in the matter, until evidence that this was not so become too compelling to ignore, hence the subsequent impeachment articles and resignation. However, his motivations, aside from the mandatory â€Å"for the good of the nation†, was never satisfactorily explained. Regardless of the why, the effect of Watergate on the political status of Nixon is unexpected. It, of course, killed his Presidency, and although successor President Gerald Ford extended him a full pardon and he did not go to jail, many believed that he embodied the essence of all that was wrong in American politics of that era. Watergate colors any good he may have done during his term of office. However, he was far from quietly fading into the good night. After his resignation and pardon, Nixon proceeded to quietly regain respectability in the eye of the American public.   By the time of his death, he had managed to author nine books and served as adviser to US Presidents Bush Senior and Reagan. Whenever he spoke about American foreign policy before a crowd, people listened because he had made it his business to travel and get a political feel of the various countries he toured and the mindset of the political leaders he visited. In fact, his last book, Beyond Peace, was a less than flattering summation of American foreign policy that was timely in the face of the political crises such as in Bosnia and Korea after the Cold War. (Stacks, 1994) Nixon failed in the midst of his success, and succeeded in the midst of his failure. Ruthless in his pursuit and determined in his endeavors, he managed to rise above the ashes of the Watergate Scandal that destroyed the careers of at least 30 of the most prominent men of his time and died in 1997 regarded by many as an elderly statesman. What of the country he had, as many people still firmly believe, betrayed to further his own interests and control? What has his abuse of power done to affect American policy? The Watergate incident succeeded in opening an Aegean stables of graft and corruption, throwing into sharp relief the special interest groups that had bought their way into favor and prompted a US President to stake all.   The cleansing tide of public opinion and media criticism enabled the disheveled American government to rally around and expose the core of the problem. But the aftermath was more complicated than what was anticipated. People started to lose confidence in their political leaders, seeing them as untrustworthy and vulnerable to large corporations with deep pockets. Conspiracy theories cropped up that seemed increasingly probable, and suspicion of the â€Å"men in black† such as the FBI, CIA etc., agencies that served the will of people in power and not the American people increased. This may have been due to the fact of the FBI’s involvement in the attempted cover-up. (Watergate) The belt was tightening around campaign finance, and at first the measures were stringent. Campaign contributions could neither be from questionable sources nor more than $1,000.00. A federal commission on elections was formed to watch over the general election between Ford and Jimmy Carter. However, these measures could not last with clever politicians and court interpretations of the law backing the claim that campaign contributions were covered under the First Amendment. (Jackson, 1999) Soon, the amount of contributions from special interest groups and large corporations to both the Democratic and Republican parties reached epic proportions, undreamed off during Nixon’s time. Tighter media vigilance also succeeded in promoting transparency and accountability among the politicians. However, the unfailing skepticism of the spoken and written word became an integral part of this vigilance, lending material for many a stand-up comedy act that nevertheless undermine the efforts of politicians and statesmen to effect positive and progressive change in American policies, never mind if they be honest and morally upright. The media coverage of the Watergate hearings became the focal point of interest for at least 85% of the population at any given time in the initial proceedings, at one time dominating airtime with 13 hours of coverage in the six days following the first hearing on July 24, 1974. (Garay) While this kept people informed of what was happening, a change in the American psyche also resulted. The people post-Watergate lost their confidence in their elected officials and had adopted a passive, if not overtly hostile, attitude towards the whole process. This has filtered down to later generations and now less than 50% of the voting population actually bothers to vote. The general opinion is that all politicians and people in power are liars, or are not telling the whole truth, in pursuit of their own advancement and self-interests. This belief has translated into an overzealous, almost paranoid, eye for political corruption. Ethics committees and procedures, independent counsel law, public integrity sections and other such agencies are devoted solely to having a weather eye cocked for the smallest misstep. What was once acceptable political give-and-take, such as free football tickets, is looked at askance as a symptom of much bigger largesse. (Jackson, 1999) This has not stopped any chicanery, however. There are many ways around a committee, and around the law, if one has enough resources to pull it off. Many use this vigilance to discredit a rival or to gain favor in the public eye, most probably while doing the same thing or something else equally or more unethical or even illegal. The important thing is, from a political point of view, is not to get caught, as Nixon so very openly was. All this reform, disclosure and transparency has given way to two very significant results: One, those in politics bent on serving their own interests has become very good at fooling the watch dogs down paths that they want to expose while covering their own tracks; and two, those who have the nation’s interest at heart has an uphill climb in gaining the trust and confidence of the people. And what of the media? Many forget that the media is also a special interest group, but instead of currying favor from politicians to get special treatment by giving campaign contributions and other donations, the media uses politics and politicians to exploit whatever the issue of the moment is and sell. While many are legitimate publications with reliable sources or well-formed opinions, the great influence they have on public opinion are not always used judiciously. Their motivation is to sell. The bigger the scandal, the better, never mind if it is not always in the public interest to know all. Bad news sells better than good news, and many times the public focuses only on who’s doing what to whom rather than what good some have been doing, or trying to do. In the case of Watergate, media fed on the thirst of the public to know, but failed to provide a complete picture of what actually happened that 30 years down the line has provided to some extent. The damage has been done, the people no longer trust government, and are ready to believe the worst without giving benefit to doubt. What was most interesting to those who analyze the raison d’etre of the scandal was that it seemed almost pointless, as Nixon at the time was at the top of his form, having just been re-elected with a landslide victory, and popular with the nation. Many asked what could be his reason for wanting to bug the offices of the Democratic Party’s National Committee, housed then at the plush Watergate Hotel. Political spying and sabotage seemed to be the most obvious reason, as FBI investigators established in 1972, and it appeared reasonable what with the coming elections. However, the popularity he had gathered with his delivery of the â€Å"Silent Majority† speech on the Vietnam War seemed to make these efforts superfluous. (Watergate.info) To this day there has been no satisfactory answer as to the why as many closely involved with the scandal have died, and have taken the mystery with them. What is not a mystery today is the ripple-effect of Watergate on American politics and policy, and the establishment of Richard Nixon as a public figure. Political bashing and mud-slinging has become the order of the day, and the media has run true to form in exploiting the dollar value of a good scandal. Campaign financing has become big business, reaching astronomic levels, with the added bonus of being legitimate, thanks to slick interpretation and manipulation of the law by clever legal counsels. Political ingenuity has plotted an indictment-free zone so that money can talk in government policy. And despite skepticism, the American public relies heavily on the media to form their opinion regarding whom and what to believe, especially since Watergate when there were no holds barred as to what the media could put out.   People believe that the printed and televised words is inviolate, but more often than not the voices of the ones who have truly pure motives get drowned out with all the noise the ones with the deep pockets make. And where is Nixon in all this, that focus of Watergate? He lives on in the memory of the Americans as the President who authored the mother of all scandals (and was unfortunate enough to get caught) and the man who afterwards stood back up and brushed himself off to exert his influence in the political arena in spite of it. As he reportedly put to Russian Vice President Alexander Rutskoi following Rutskoi’s release from prison after his failed takeover against Boris Yeltsin, â€Å"that, for some, there can be life after hell.† (Stacks, 1994) References Watergate Chronology Washington Post retrieved December 28, 2006 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/watergate/chronology.htm Watergate: The Scandal That Brought Down Richard Nixon Watergate.info retrieved December 28, 2006 from   http://www.watergate.info/ Garay, R. WATERGATE   The Museum of Broadcast Communications retrieved December 28, 2006 from http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/W/htmlW/watergate/watergate.htm Jackson, B. 1999. A Watergate Legacy: More Public Skepticism, Ambivalence All Politics: CNN Time retrieved December 28, 2006 from http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/gen/resources/watergate/watergate.jackson/index.alt.html Stacks, J. 1994. Victory in Defeat All Politics: CNN Time retrieved December 28, 2006 from http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/gen/resources/watergate/watergate.stacks/index.alt.html Watergate Case Closed retrieved December 28, 2006 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/crime/caseclosed/watergate.shtml

Ethical problem in psychological research Essay Example for Free

Ethical problem in psychological research Essay One very common ethical problem in psychological research is participants falling to answer question which they consider to be very personal (Michell, 1999). When conducting psychological research, the researcher is required to interview the respondents on each and every issue he considers suitable. Some questions posed could be very personal. This makes the respondent feel ashamed of answering the questions or he may feel that his personal life is being interfered with. The researcher needs to be very careful when asking the questions. He should understand the temperament of the respondent before asking the questions. People are normally different. There are some peoples who are hot tempered and others who are not. When approaching some one for an interview, as a researcher I should put on a smiling face. Smile is believed to be the shortest distance between peoples even between enemies. I as a researcher I should understand the mood the respondent is in. By understanding the mood of the researcher I would avoid any unnecessary disagreements, which might make me not get the information I am looking for. If the respondent is in a bad mood, I will try to approach him in a decent manner such that I may make his bad mood capsize. In each and every research, choice of language is very vital. Polite language may make a respondent who is not even willing to give answers to change his attitude and provide answers. Immediately I encounter some potential respondents, I should introduce myself. It defeats equity and common sense reasoning, to go straight to interviewing respondents immediately. As a good researcher I should great them. By so doing I will win their confidence and every doubt they could be having about me is dismissed. Dressing is an important aspect as for as research is concerned. Dressing does not only make one decent but also makes one look genuine in what he is doing. The participants may cease to participate in the research. The participants have the following responsibilities: They should explain to you why they wish to leave, so that you can conduct a debriefing. The participants may wish you to complete the research because you would not again ask personal question. When I am faced with an ethical problem there are some steps I would follow so as to solve it. In the very first I would determine whether there is an ethical issue. I would determine if in one way or another I have infringed one’s rights or values. If so I would ask for forgiveness and a lasting solution is reached at. Secondly I would identify the key values and principles involved. I would typically assess the meanings and limitations apparent to these competing values. Thirdly I would rank the values or ethical principles, which in my professional judgment are relevant to the issues. For example if one is doing a research on the, workers who are getting a monthly salary of $200, a question about salary scales have to be asked. It would sound unethical to ask a person how much he gets. Fourthly I would develop an action plan that is consistent with ethical priorities that have been determined, as crucial to the research. In my mind I will have several alternatives to present to the participant incase they react negatively. In the fifth step, I would implement my plan utilizing the most appropriate practice, skills and competencies. I would employ some tactics like sensitive communication, skillful negotiation and cultural competence. Lastly I would reflect on the outcome of this ethical decision making process. An ethical review committee or ethics team is necessary. These committees will provide counseling to those aggrieved.

Analysis of Nietzsches Concept of Genealogy

Analysis of Nietzsches Concept of Genealogy Introduction: Michel Foucault (October 1926-June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian, social theorist, philologist and literary critic. In 1945, Foucault travelled to Paris, where he enrolled himself in a prestigious secondary school, Lyciee-Henry-IV. Foucault adopted conviction of philosopher, Jean Hyppolite, an existentialist and expert in uniting existentialist theories with the reasoning theories of Hegel and Karl Marx, that philosophy must be developed through a study of history. Foucault desired to be a fellow member in College de Paris, where he became one, taking up the chair in the History of Systems of Thought. Foucault, in his late interview, called himself a Nietzschean. Which is well elucidated by the fact, that Foucaults genealogy of knowledge is direct inkling of Nietzsches genealogy of morality. In 2007 Foucault was listed as the most cited scholar in the humanities by The Times Higher Education Guide. [text courtesy Wikipedia] In this essay (Nietzsche, Genealogy, History) Foucault explores genealogy through Nietzsche, and exposit on his own profound understanding of the genealogical method. Genealogy is precise conscientious attention to details, and a patiently documentation. Basically, Genealogy is boring. If the analysis is not just based on paperwork, observations and interview transcripts can be added, which mix a manifold of different context in a confusing order. These perplexed documents, observations and interview transcripts need to be ordered in time and space. That is, the pieces must be ordered in regard to almanac, context and actors. A major task, since genealogy also requires a major accretion of source material. Therefore, genealogy is boring unless one likes the vapid work of going through every single page to page, piece by piece in order to place them in the right almanac and context. It is also very time-consuming and a vex mental burden, tiresome since the genealogist from time to time feels that he is not getting anywhere. But genealogy is, at the same time, exciting. It gives a great overall overview and touch with the material and is thus an exc iting material and detailed different to the abstractions the unitary sciences have produced so many of. Often, it is experienced that the absolute ordering of pieces in time and space gives a totally different view of the process than expected. Much of the material does speak for itself, Really! Often, it is proclaimed how beautiful words turn out to be less beautiful in the true, real world. Thus, with its painstaking procedures, genealogy to some extent avoids chicanery. In itself, this is a z great reason for doing it. Further, Foucault argues about the monotonous finality this is really what it is all about. Events must be recorded individually of any unifying and thereby systematizing theory. Events are what they are, and nothing else. It can also have represented in a manner that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦monotonous finality is basically rewriting of what Nietzsche called monumental history. He theorizes that the monumental history as a construct that represents the great moments in the struggle of a human individual which constitute a chain which unites the mankind across the millennial like a range of human mountains pinnacle. Foucault writes that genealogy does not obstruct itself to history, but rather opposes itself to a search for origins, and rejects the metahistorical deployment of ideal significations and indefinite teleologys As a genealogist, Nietzsche opposed the pursuit of the genesis (Ursprung) because it relies on a metaphysical faith in purest plausibilitys () the existence of immobile forms that precede the external world of mishap and succession. () the image of a primordial truth fully adequate to its nature, and it necessitates the removal of every mask to ultimately disclose an original identity. We erroneously attribute the originwith a moment of greatest infallible, the first morning that precedes the Fall in our merely human hands; the search for origin plays out our own want for a divine birth. However, historical beginnings are lowly. Absconding metaphysics and turning to history, Foucault suggests that one discovers not a timeless and essential dern, but the secret that they have no essence or that their essence was fabricated in a piecemeal fashion from alien forms. Genealogy is anti-essentialist and disinterested in metaphysical origins: What is found at the historical commencement of t hings is not the inviolable identity of their genesis; it is the dissension of other things. It is disparity. Most problematic, the origin makes plausible a field of knowledge whose function is to recover it, but always in a spurious recognition due to the excesses of its own speech. The origin believes itself to be the site of inescapable loss, a moment when the truth of the object corresponded to the truth of its discourse. History, rather, constrain a reversal of this relationship and the oversight of adolescent quests: behind the always recent, avaricious, and measured fidelity, it posits the ancient escalation of errors. Truth, then, is an error. The genealogist needs history to dispel the chimeras of the genesis. Here Foucault suggests that the genealogist must be able to recognize the events of history (even the ones we wish to clandestine) as well as diagnose the illness of the body, its vincibility, fortitude, and breakdowns, since history is the body of a development. Herkunft- Descent Herkunft is translated as descent and it confine that phenomena like truth, group, and even individuals are not to be thought of as unified phenomena. Instead of that, it allows the sorting out of different attributes that contributed to the phenomena. An examination will focus on the profusion of events which made their contribution to descent. In this sense, genealogy is aimed at fragmenting what was thought unified and unmovable. It will unveil the heterogeneity behind Herkunft. This constitutes the very first task of the genealogist. The sorting out of the different attributes/traits which have had any significance. The criterion for determining what is significant is in principle straightforward. It is determined by the empirical phenomenon that is investigated and the material that is collected about it. What is said in the interviews or in other connections, what is recorded on paper or what can be observed. In short, the artifacts determine what is significant, not the researcher. This is a good principle, even if it cannot be carried out completely. Of course the researcher makes a difference but this does not mean that he cannot give the artifacts a big room to speak for themselves. Entstehung- Emergence Entstehung is translated into Emergence- the instant of arising, but we are not looking for a particular point in history where a given reasonability, which from then has controlled everything is established. It is more tactical. It designates the endeavor of particular forces in particular points in time. The analysis of the Entstehung must demarcate this interaction. Enstehung is the access of forces. Often, but not necessarily, only engraved in the peripheral areas of the material. In Foucaults word it is the leap from the wings to the center stage. The Entstehung denominate the place where different systems of power/knowledge meet face-to-face. Not necessarily with a big bang but yes. The confrontation can be much humbler and seem trivial at a first skim. Further, the power/knowledge systems are not necessarily equal. Often the places of the Entstehung are not manifested vividly in the material. This relates to the gnarled or tricky part of revealing marginalized knowledge. The Entstehung provides a seldom opportunity where some of the marginalized voices are not quiescent, which is one of the main reasons that the analysis of the Entstehung is highly important. Genealogy vs. Traditional History In the fifth section, Foucault abridged the methodological differences between a history based in geneaology (a Nietzschian history) and a traditional history, or the historians history. For Foucault, these differences remain in the sensibility the historian/genealogist takes toward the work. The historians history implicit a metaphysical continuity between past and present, a suprahistorical perspective that seeks to reconcile disparity through apocalyptic objectivity. The traditional historian keeps their body outside of history and relies on a myriad of distances and heights: the noblest periods, the highest forms [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] adopting the famous perspective of frogs. Genealogical history, however, is an effective history (a history of effects?), dispossess itself of the affirmation of progress and genesis, as genealogy is the examination of both Herkunft (Descent) and Entstehung(Emergence). It deprives the self of the bolstering or reassuring the stability of life and nature , and it will not permit itself to be transported by a voiceless intractability toward a millennial ending. This is because knowledge is not made for understanding; it is made for cutting. This manner of history studies those things nearest it-the body and all imminent-and demands consciousness of its own perspective: it has no dread of looking down, so as long as it understands that it looks from above. It doesnt seek to recount the birth of truth and values in the service of philosophy, but operates as a differential knowledge of energies and failings [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] a curative science. It concurs knowledge as perspective-and as with any case of perspective, where one stands are the most relevant and important point. Note on the Author Genealogy is shrewd and interpretive. It does not presume to be naive. The  author must try to define his stand in regard to subject of analysis. Where is he, the author, talking from? Genealogy is a very much demanding approach. This augments the obligation of the author to describe as clearly as plausible his own stand/position in the game.

Essay --

Discussion In nature, there are a group of proteins which are known to produce a universal response that is the production of stress proteins namely heat shock proteins (Hsp70), expressed in response to external stimuli. They are expressed in normal state conditions hence aiding in the native polypeptides folding and its translocation to different cellular compartments (Feder and Hofmann, 1999; Hartl and Hartl-Meyer, 2002). Iwama et al. (2004) worked on whether Hsp70 are a molecular marker for indicating stressed states in fishes. Ammonia which is a common pollutant has been seen and known to interfere with cellular proteins and in turn interfere with amino acid homeostasis (Cooper and Plum, 1987). As a result of ammonia toxicity, Hsp70 protein gets enhanced and in turn helps in inducing proteotoxicity. Our observation proves that the ability of these fishes (M. cuchia) to tolerate such high concentration of NH4Cl is mainly due to the ability of Hsp70 to induce proteotoxicity, an ability to rep air partly denatured proteins caused due to ammonia toxicity. Similar observation of expression of Hsp70 was seen in brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of ammonia (Luckenbach et al., 2003). Immunocytochemical analysis clearly demonstrated the localized expression of Hsp70 in liver, kidney and brain of M. cuchia during exposure to 50 mM NH4Cl for 7 days with a slight fall of expression in 14 days 50 mM NH4Cl tissues (Fig. X). Immunopositivity to Hsp70 antibody has been detected in control as well as in 7 and 14 days 50mM NH4Cl treated tissues. In the unstressed cells Hsp70 helps in maintaining cellular homeostasis (Fink and Goto, 1998). In liver, the expression of Hsp70 was more predominant in hepatic sin... ...l red skeletal muscle of paddleï ¬ sh. To add to our observation, Poltronieri et al. (2008) also found Hsp70 immunonegativity in control tissues of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) along with absence of immunopositivity in stressed states. The fall in immunoreactivity which was observed in 14 days of NH4Cl treated tissue might be mainly due to slight acclimatization at the end. Therefore, one needs to find out the possible implications of Hsp70 in this fish, M. cuchia, which is known to tolerate high ammonia concentrations. As Hsp70 is known to act as an important candidate for identification of stresses and also an important biomolecules acting as sentinels of contamination exposure, this stress proteins, Hsp70 might give a better understanding of how these fishes adapt themselves to such concentrations of environmental ammonia toxicity.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee - Learning and Personal Growth :: Kill Mockingbird essays

Learning and Personal Growth in To Kill a Mockingbird Conflict is an inevitable part of life. In many cases, these conflicts are between two individuals debating over one specific subject. It is often hard to declare a winner when both people consider their argument to be the correct one. Scout and Jem learn the tools necessary to overcome conflict through personal experience as well as the experiences of other characters in the novel. As a person grows older, conflicts in life become a more regular and more real occurrence. Through experience, knowledge, and bravery any situation can be controlled and overcome as seen in To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee. As life goes on, a child gains a great deal of experience through her own doings and those of others. With each new situation, this child is able to better carry his or her way through life. Scout grows up in a small Alabama town, and she contains herself between two houses in her neighborhood: Mrs. Dubose's house (2 doors north) and the Radley place (3 doors south). She and her young playmates start off as clean slates, so they act out other people's experiences to compensate for the lack of their own. "He (Dill, an out of town friend) played the character parts normally thrust upon me--the ape in Tarzan, Mr. Crabtree in The Rover Boys, Mr. Damon in Tom Swift" (Lee 8). This game playing becomes the first sign in the novel that Scout is ready to enter the world of the adult. Scout's first learning experience away from home is at school. "I never deliberately learned to read, but somehow I had been wallowing illicitly in the daily papers,..., reading was something that just came to me " (Lee 17). She is a smart child and has no trouble with the educational learning involved with school, but for the first time, she experiences conflict through the differences in her classmates. As Scout grows older she becomes more curious. She even go so far as to enter the world of the Negro and to go to church with Calpurnia. "First Purchase African M.E. Church was in the quarters outside the southern town limits" (Lee 118). Calpurnia's church is a long way from their original neighborhood barriers, but thanks to Scout's new experience, she will not contain the prejudices held by many of the white townspeople.

Triumph of Good in Captain Corellis Mandolin Essay -- Captain Corelli

Triumph of Good in Captain Corelli's Mandolin  Ã‚   Despite a backdrop of war, many characters in "Captain Corelli's Mandolin" are essentially good. This goodness in many characters overcomes the difficulties within relationships and the difficulties posed by war. De Bernià ¨res shows the triumphant nature of this goodness through his characters as they interact and develop relationships with one another. The island of Cephallonia has been able to survive through a history full of invasions. Its population has triumphed and shows itself to be basically good. Although at one point they ridicule Father Arsenios when Velisarios humiliates him by lifting him up, there is no malice in their actions. They come to the church to leave "tokens of apology" for Father Arsenios and their goodwill to one another continues throughout the course of the novel. Despite the prejudice of society not allowing Carlo Guercio to live as freely as a homosexual as he would wish, his goodness triumphs as he is able to care for those he loves. When his love, Francesco, dies, Guercio's kind and loving nature comes through as he buries him with his mouse and goes to his mother to tell her of her son's death. He is kind enough to spare her from the truth about the brutality of her son's death, saying that "he died with a smile on his lips". Despite losing his loved one, Guercio's strong character and goodness allow him to go on and love again. This time the object of his affection is Captain Corelli, for whom he eventually sacrifices his life. Captain Corelli's goodness is evident from his first appearance despite the fact that he is a captain of the occupying force. As he marches his troops through the streets of Cephallonia, he breaks the tension by... ...elagia lives to the end of the novel, surviving the war and an earthquake . During the wartime, she and her father socialise with Italian and German soldiers. She uses her medical knowledge to help Mandras and the captain. Pelagia seems to have time for anything and has passionate feelings. She cares deeply for Lemoni and her pets too. The triumphant goodness of human life is evident in many character's lives as they overcome obstacles through their own determination and goodwill. Characters such as Carlo Guercio live not only for themselves, but to comfort others too as he ensures that he tells Francesco's mother that her son died peacefully. The generosity of many characters transcends timeframes as well as age barriers meaning that they help people through their lifetime meaning that more people than just themselves are able to achieve their aims in life.   

Alice in Wonderland Essay

It’s almost impossible to set this story in the time and in the space because nearly all of it forms part of a dream: Alice was very tired and suddenly she felt asleep and began to dream. However, she didn’t realize that whatever she saw in Wonderland was only a dream, a product of her imagination but not the reality. Anyway, we could say that there are two main stages: the real world and Wonderland, the fictitious one. In Wonderland all is â€Å"nonsense† and strange, you don’t know what’s going to happen in each situation. The real world only appears at the beginning and at the end of the story when she wakes up from her nap. Because of it, this world is not very important for readers and for Alice too, who prefers living in a world completely different from hers. Interesting and strange things only happen in Wonderland where everyone is mad. Moreover, there we can see a lot of different places where Alice spends her time like the rabbit-hole, the house of the rabbit, the garden, the house of the Dukes. The time is not very clear because Alice thinks that she has spent a lot of time there, but all her adventures only last the time of her little nap. When you are sleeping you can believe that you have spent a lot of time dreaming and perhaps it has been no longer than fifteen minutes. She doesn’t have any kind of time in Wonderland and everything happens all at once and very quickly; so that she didn’t realize.

Alternative Fuels: The industrial gas turbine

investigating of alternate(a) sacks for industrial grease-gun turbines Tamal Bhattacharjee, capital of Minnesota Nihill, Cormac Bulfin, Ishank Arora Contents 1. Abstract4 2. Introduction4 3. atomic number 15 3. 1Production5 3. 1. 1 travel Re rebounding of Hydro well-off speeds5 3. 1. 2 peeing Splitting5 3. 1. 3 crazyification of Waste & Biomass to bring out syn plash6 3. 1. 4The cooperate7 3. 1. 5Application to industrial grease-gun turbines8 4. woodland spirit9 4. 1Abstract9 4. 2Introduction9 4. 3History10 4. 4Manufacturing movement10 4. 4. 1 Production of wood inebriant from deduction bumble10 4. industrial Process11 4. 5. 1STEP-1 diet Production11 4. 5. 2STEP-2 Reforming11 4. 5. 3STEP-3 wood alcohol Synthesis12 4. 5. 4STEP-4 wood spirit catharsis12 4. 6How it cultivates on a bollix upolene turbine12 4. 7Feasibility15 4. 8Advantages & Disadvantages16 4. 9Conclusion17 5. causation Alcohol17 5. 1Introduction17 5. 2Chemistry18 5. 3Production18 5. 3. 1 grain a lcohol from scraping gagee18 5. 3. 2Fermentation18 5. 3. 3distillate19 5. 3. 4 half(prenominal) distillate19 5. 4 atomic enumerate 8ate befoulment21 5. 5Advantages23 5. 6Disadvantages23 6. References24 1. AbstractThe industrial sp c all over turbine is a key persona of novel electricity extension. In 1998 15% of electric force-out was p bentd by foul up turbines. collectible to their susceptibility, compactness, reliability and relationally diminished capital be 81% of in the altogether electric moodyice look at result be met by industrial vaunteous state turbines. botch turbines must meet real strict nighttime CO and deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide regulations. (GL Juste 2006). As the popularity of artillery turbines and name wake and mogul generation im workingss increases look into has turned to cheaper and to a greater extent(prenominal) milieually friendly shakes for triggerman turbines.Methane C2H4 is the main fossil dismiss empl oy in turgidity turbines today yet with increased regulations on atomic number 6 emissions combine with the increase address of fossil supplys, research is turning to pick raises which whitethorn strength bluster turbines into the future. This literature review explores potence pellucid and vaunt option raises for industrial triggerman turbines along with virtually of the modish research in the argona and numerous founts of the successful industrial applications. 2. IntroductionThe increasing cost of fossil dismisss, the fact that they ar a finite resource and the environmental exploits of their burning means that research into alternative fuels is unrivaled of the absolvehandedst and close varied realms of scientific investigation in progress today. As with all scientific research, nearly give be successful and form the footing of future animation fruit and some(a) bequeath be every withal in businesslike or impractical to be implemented in ind ustry. It is interest to line of work that some of the methods which slangmed impractical even 10 years ago argon nowadays universe introduced owing to the increasing cost of fossil fuels. evokes derived from biomass and fellateification of sewage sludge and municipal waste and some methods of henry fuel production appear to hold the about promise. Different global aught scenario studies signalise that in India biomass may contri plainlye distributes more up to 30% of the muscularity add together by 2100 (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Gas turbines and combined impatientness and proponent (CHP) bodys are at the forefront of future European strategies on free energy production with accredited efficiencies for combined rung facilities above 60%. The main CHP targets are the reduction of the overall costs and the buildment of above 40 kW biomass- fired formations..Gas turbines enjoy certain merits relative to steam turbines and diesel engines. They have proud grade wa ste interchange, littleer incubus per unit of measurement power, dual fuel capability, broken in maintenance cost, low vibration levels, low capital cost, compact size, short slant time, juicy flexibility and reliability, fast first time, reject manpower, and have check environmental act. (P. A. Pilavachi et al 2000) This project foc enforces on alternative fuels as employ to industrial natural gas turbines owing to their projected increase in popularity in the short to medium marge at least. 3. Hydrogen 3. 1Production 3. 1. travel Reforming of Hydro coulombs The masses of enthalpy fuel production is before long via steam reforming of innate(p) gas this dish out involves the response of inherent gas or watery hydro ascorbic acids with high temperature steam to commence varying amounts of CO and H2. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons does not eliminate carbon dioxide but it greatly deoxidizes the amount which is discharged into the atmosphere. Steam reformin g of hydrocarbons is an efficient fashion of reducing CO2 emissions. In addition to the H2 educated during gasification a low temperature gas shift reaction with the remaining carbon monoxide fanny of the inning claim and H2.The off launch of steam reforming inborn gas along with the gas shift reaction are governed by the chemical equations below. (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Steam Reforming CH4 + pee CO + 3H2 ? H = +251 kJ/ seawall Gas Shift CO + weewee CO2 +H2 ? H= -42 kJ/ jetty (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) The release of CO2 asshole be completely eliminated in a expectant plant where the CO2 is captured and injected into an vegetable oil or gas reservoir. It is presently disputed amid scientists whether or not the production of H2 in this way releases more CO2 than directly burning fossil fuels. 3. 1. 2 piddle Splitting there is currently a lot of research concerning the divide of body of weewee to expose H2. This method is yet to flummox industrial application as it murders a lot of energy to split body of body of water supply and the only sustainable method is the part of renewable technologies to provide the energy. The warming glut is more likely to be use as a storage medium when the power generated by renewable technologies is not ingestd. An example of this would be the storage of power from a wind turbine during the day. There is a lot of very interesting research into water- split up with many methods beingness explored simultaneously.Thermo chemical water splitting utilize solar power is an interesting option. Direct thermal water splitting is impractical imputable to the energy requirements to raise up the water to 25000K. But if the water is reacted with surface oxides and redox materials it raise be achieved at a such(prenominal) lower temperature. The subject O and hydrogen are released at varied degrees eliminating the subscribe to for separation. This outgrowth outhouse be conducted in a cycle that produce s H2 more efficiently from solar radiation. 3. 1. 3Gasification of Waste & Biomass to produce syngasA Practical Example of waste to energy renewing is the Pyromex waste to energy induction in Germany. The Pyromex body is currently being used successfully to gasify industrial waste in a intend built plant in Munich Germany. Due to the fact there are no gaseous emissions from the system there is no need for the construction of smoke piles and the system is con placered separate to incineration by EU authorities. Emissions from the plant are in the form of solid sand like dry waste. The waste authorship is tabulated below and shows how utmost below allowable limits the border is.The altogether material in the subprogram is separate than unrecyclable waste products and the system can cut across sewage sludge, plastics, fly ash from power plants and unlike some other(a) waste products. The system has the potential to be a study contributor to the Hydrogen Economy. The pro totype plant working on a throughput of 25 ton/day had the potential to produce slightly 2150 kWh by a combined rouse to electricity and syngas engine source system. If used in combination with an industrial gas turbine there is no dubiousness that owing to the greater aptitude this power output could be improved.Fig. 1 run out gas emissions (Pyromex) 3. 1. 4The process The material to be gasified is introduced into the slowly turning nuclear reactor through a twain stage tank system. With this setup an oxygen free environment can be ensured in spite of appearance the reactor pipe, where the conversion of the organics to syngas takes place at over thouC. The produced gas is because cleaned with a honest acid and an alcalescent scrubber. Even though the temperatures within the reactor are far above 1000C, the surface remains quiet exuberant to be touched by hand.The PYROMEX gasification is a closed circuit process and thereof no emissions are released into the envi ronment. The process fly the coop chart below gives a better understanding of the workings of the plant. This process can be good scaled. And there are numerous plants completed and in the process of construction in Germany and the U. S. Fig. 2 Gasification process of producing syngas from waste & biomass (Pyromex) 3. 1. 5Application to industrial gas turbines at one time the hydrogen has been produced it can be coalesce with carbon monoxide which can as well be produced efficiently using solar power.This syngas can be used in an Industrial gas turbine with some modifications to the fuel beak system and careful control of the fuel air ratio to produce electricity. In the case of liquid fuel turbines the hydrogen can be converted to discordant hydrocarbons using the Fischer-Tropsch process. The use of hydrogen in a gas turbine is a comparatively new concept with the use of high hydrogen message syngas becoming an entrancing area for research. Unfortunately the use of hydro gen abundant gas in a strikeed gas turbine involves some tweaks to the ystem. The pictorial gas lean-pre coalesce combustors have to afford some modifications if fed with hydrogen rich fuels out-of-pocket to the combined effect of hydrogen shorter auto- fire hamper and faster flame speed. (Paulo Gobbato et al 2010) star of the routes with the highest potential is the pre conflagration route utilizing coal in an integrated gasification and combine cycle (IGCC). The challenge in utilizing hydrogen rich fuel is principally associated with its taked auto-ignition live time, which can be addressed in one of three approaches 1.De-rating the engine allowing the aforementioned(prenominal) mixing time by increasing the auto-ignition delay time through fixation the characteristics of the vitiated air (i. e. the inlet temperature of the sally to the SEV). 2. Decreasing the reactivity of the fuel i. e. by dilution with an inert gas. 3. Modifying the hardware either to reduce t he mixer residence time in line with the reduced auto ignition delay time or develop a concept which is less(prenominal) influenced by the reactivity of the fuel. (Nils Erland et al 2012) 4. m ethyl group alcohol 4. 1Abstract 5.When wood alcohol is intended to be used as fuel for gas turbine, it is very all- grave(prenominal) to enhance overall thermal competency of the gas turbine system, and to make it competitive with conventional oil or gas fuels. There are many ways to accomplish this. Combined cycle is not, however, a prim way, as this could in like manner be applied to conventional fuel. Noting the unique characteristic of methyl alcohol, the steam reforming regenerative cycle was investigated by many institutions. In this scheme, wasted heat of the gas turbine glance over gas is absentred to reformed gas.And it is recycled keister to the gas turbine as a part of fuel, and then resulting in increased overall efficiency of the gas turbine. thermic decomposition of methyl alcohol is overly an heat-absorbing reaction and may be applied to the regenerative cycle. In either case, however, only a part of the waste heat is recovered. Hence the hybrid system with combined cycle was proposed to achieve supererogatory heat recovery. But this is a mingled system. 4. 2Introduction 6. wood spirit, similarly known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH. . 8. Fig. 3 Chemical formulation of methyl alcohol 9. methyl alcohol can be used as alternative fuel in gas turbine. wood alcohol is made from natural gas, coal, and biomass. This was one of the older alternative fuels. Like ethanol, wood spirit is very good for melding with petrol to replace the harmful octane enhancers. The acquires of using M ethyl alcohol are that it reduces emissions, which has a material effect on bettering the environment. M ethyl alcohol can easy be liquefyed with gasolene. It also has a lower risk of flammability than normal gasolene. some other benefit of Methanol is that it is made from domestically renewable sources. Methanol can also be used to make the octane enhancer MTBE. Another huge possible benefit of Methanol is that it can be made into hydrogen. 10. 4. 3History 11. Methanol has been trial runed as a gas turbine fuel in the U. S. In 1974, a 12-hour test was conducted by Turbo indicant and marine in a 20 MW gas turbine at the Bayboro Station of Florida Power Corporation. The wood alcohol was fired as a liquid. nighttime emissions were 74% less than those from No. 2 Distillate, and CO emissions were comparable (Power 1979).In 1978 and 1979, EPRI and Southern atomic number 20 Edison Company sponsored a 523-hour test at SCEs Ellwood muscularity Support Facility, using one half of 52 4. 4Manufacturing Process 4. 4. 1 Production of methyl alcohol from tax write-off gas 12. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen react over a throttle valve to produce methyl alcohol. Today, the most widely used catalyst is a mixture of Cu (Copper), surface oxide, and alumina first used by ICI in 1966. At 510 M Pa (50100 atm) and 250 C, it can catalyze the production of methyl alcohol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with high selectivity (99. 8%) 13. CO + 2 H2 CH3OH..It is worth noting that the production of synthesis gas from methane produces three moles of hydrogen gas for every mole of carbon monoxide, spell the wood alcohol synthesis consumes only both moles of hydrogen gas per mole of carbon monoxide. One way of dealing with the unnecessary hydrogen is to inject carbon dioxide into the methanol synthesis reactor, where it, too, reacts to form methanol accord to the equation 14. CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O. 15. slightly chemists believe that the certain catalysts synthesize methanol using CO2 as an intermediary, and go through CO only indirectly. 6. CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O where the H2O byproduct is recycled via the gas shift reaction 17. CO + H2O CO2 + H2 , 18. This gives an overall reaction, which is the said(prenominal) as listed above. 19. CO + 2 H2 CH3OH 4. 5Industrial Process Fig. 4 Industrial process for creating Methanol 4. 5. 1STEP-1 Feed Production 20. The dickens main twain feed stocks, natural gas and water, both require purification before use. rude(a) Gas contains low levels of sulphur compounds and undergo a desulphurization process to reduce, the sulphur levels of less than one part per million.Impurities in the water are reduced to undetectable or split per billion levels before being converted to steam and added to the process. If not removed, these impurities can result in reduced heat efficiency and significant damages to study pieces of equipment. 4. 5. 2STEP-2 Reforming 21. It is the process which transforms the methane and the steam to intermediate reactants of hydrogen, carbon-dioxide and carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is also added to the feed gas stream at this stage to produce a mixture of componen ts in the saint ratio to efficiently produce methanol.This process is carried out in a meliorist furnace which is heated by burning natural gas as fuel. 22. reaction Reaction 4. 5. 3STEP-3 Methanol Synthesis 23. After removing additional heat from the reformed gas it is nasty before being sent to the methanol production stage in the synthesis reactor. Here the reactants are converted to methanol and separated out as a oil color product with a composition of methanol (68%) and water (31%). Traces of byproducts are also formed. Methanol conversion is at a rate of 5% per pass hence there is a continual cycle of the un- reacted gases in to the synthesis loop. 24.Reaction 25. 4. 5. 4STEP-4 Methanol Purification 26. The 68% methanol solution is purified in two distinct meters in tall distillment tugs called the topping mainstay and refining column to yield a refined product with a worth of 99% methanol classified as Grade AA refined methanol. 27. The methanol process is test ed at discordant stages and the finish product is stored in a large secured tank age area off the plant until such time that it is make believe to be delivered to customers. 4. 6How it works on a gas turbine 28. Chemical reaction tangled is It reacts with water to form carbon di oxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H). 9. CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 3H2 30. The reaction is endothermic and absorbs waste heat at round 300oC. The system carrying into action was predicted using in house process simulator called CAPES and found thermal efficiency of approx. 50% (LHV) when turbine inlet temperature is 1,100oC and coalescence ratio is 14. The schematic diagram presumptuousness below illustrates its function. 31. 32. Fig. 5 Methanol furnish gas turbine process 33. 34. The performance of the gas turbine with steam reforming was recalculated using professional/II. The similar adiabatic efficiency of 87% for compressor and 90% for turbine were used.Similar value of overall thermal efficiency of app rox. 50% was obtained as shown in Table-1. For reference, the performance of air heating system was also investigated. In this case, thermal efficiency was in the same level as reforming but total heat transfer area is 1. 7 times of steam reforming case. allows explain model making of steam reformer by PRO/II. After defining stoichiometric data for steam reforming reaction, Gibbs reactor was used for symmetry calculation at specified temperature. For combustor design, two combustion reactions were delimitate.Then two conversion reactors were connected in series and set the conversion parameter to 1. Both reactors are defined as adiabatic. 35. arouse exchangers having phase change were split into 10 to 20 zones and tend configurations were set to true counter scat. nominal pinch window panes were set to 10 to 20 oC. Pressure cast away of apiece exchangers were set to 0. 02-0. 01 atm and overall heat transfer coefficient were set to100kcal/h C. Flow precis unit Fig-1 Fig. -2 Waste Heat convalescence stock heating & Methanol Evap. Steam Reforming, Water Injection & Methanol Evap. Turbine niche Temperature oC 1,100 1,100 Compression symmetry - 14 14 Methanol Rate kgmol/h 0. 133 0. 133 stoichiometric Air Rate kgmol/h 1 1 Air Rate kgmol/h 4. 150 2. 600 Reforming Water Rate kgmol/h - 0. 133 center Water Rate kgmol/h - 0. 720 Excess Air breakwater Ratio - 4. 150 2. 600 Water/Air groyne Ratio - 0. 000 0. 277 Water/Methanol Mol Ratio - 0. 000 5. 414 1st Compressor Power kW -12. 472 -7. 814 1st Turbine Power kW 24. 128 19. 750 Water Injection Pump kW - -0. 006 gelt Shaft Power kW 11. 656 11. 930 Power Output kW 11. 423 11. 691Methanol Heat of Combustion (HHV) kW 47. 149 23. 574 Methanol HHV kJ/mol 638. 10 638. 10 Overall Thermal Efficiency (HHV) % 48. 45 49. 59 Compressor adiabatic Efficiency % 87 87 Turbine adiabatic Efficiency % 90 90 rootage Efficiency % 98 98 Methanol Evaporator heavens/Pinch menses m2/oC 0. one hundred forty/10 0. 138/5 Me thanol crusader Area/Reaction Temp. m2/oC - 0. 201/300 Air Heater Area/Pinch Point/Max. Temp. m2/oC 2. 972/10/525 0 Water Evaporator Area/Pinch Point m2 - 1. 452/10 Total Surface Area m2 3. 112 1. 791 Exhaust Temperature oC 335. 3 102. 5 Table 1 Methanol Fuel Gas Turbine with Steam Reforming & Water Injection or Air Heating 4. 7Feasibility 36. MW, twin engine, gas turbine generator unit supplied by Turbo Power and Marine Systems, Inc. (Edison Co. 1981). The methanol was fired as a liquid. whatsoever fuel system modifications were performed to permit the higher(prenominal) mass and volumetrical flow of methanol to achieve base load output. nigh elastomers in the fuel system were re dictated with materials ladder-proof to methanol attack. The tests showed Operations on methanol are as flexible as on natural gas or distillate fuel.The ability to start, stop, accelerate, decelerate, perform machine-controlled synchronization, and respond to control signals is equal to trading op erations on either natural gas or distillate fuel. Turbine performance on methanol is improved over other fuels due to higher mass flow and the lower combustion temperatures resulting from methanol operations. Oxides of northward emissions on them ethanol-fueled turbine, without water injection, were approximately 80% of the emissions of the distillate-fueled turbine with water injection. There was a significant reduction in particulate emissions during methanol operation.An additional reduction in oxides of atomic number 7 emission was obtained during operations of the methanol-fueled turbine with water injection. No significant problems occurred during the test that could be attributed to methanol. The hot end inspection indicated cleaner components within the methanol-fueled turbine. During 1984-1985, GE conducted methanol combustion tests of industrial gas turbine combustors in a toffee-nosed study for Celanese Chemical Company, Inc. This work is unpublished. The tests were conducted at GEs Gas Turbine. ontogeny Laboratory in Schenectady, N . Y.Tests were performed with an MS6001B all-out combustor representative of GE heavy-duty gas turbine combustors, and an MS7001 developmental dry low no combustor. Then ethanol was fired as a liquid, dry and also with water addition. A high-pressure centrifugal wield was used to supply the methanol to the combustor. The tests show that methanol fuel can be successfully burned in GE heavy-duty combustors without requiring study modifications to the combustor. dark emissions were approximately 20% of those for the same combustor firing NO. 2 distillate at the same firing temperature.With water addition, NOx levels of 9 ppmv could be achieved. Liner metal temperatures, get out pattern factors, and dynamic pressures were not importantly affected by methanol combustion and met GE criteria for acceptable performance. The results are sensible for 2000 F firing temperature machines (E-class). Additional work would be required to confirm performance with methanol fuel, elevated firing temperatures of the F series of machines. Vaporized methanol will reduce NOx 5% to 10% (relative to CH4 emissions) whereas liquid methanol will reduce NOx 30% relative to CH4 emissions.Water content in the methanol provides make headway NOx reduction. In 1984, a field test demonstration was performed at the University of California at Davis (California capability Commission 1986). Methanol was fired in a 3. 25 MW Allison 501-KB gas turbine for 1,036 hours. Low NOx emissions were observed and were further reduced by mixing water with the methanol. Problems encountered with the traditional gas turbine fuel heart and soul were bypassed by using an off-board centrifugal pump. 4. 8Advantages & Disadvantages 37. Methanol is a liquefied form of methane, a naturally-occurring gaseous hydrocarbon produced by decomposition.Currently, methane is burned as a waste gas at oil drill platforms, coal mining sites, landfills , and sewage treatment plants. The advantage is methane, and its derived methanol is that it is extremely plentiful drilling for oil, mining coal, and the decomposition of organic numerate all produce methane al posit. As a hydrocarbon similar to propane and petroleum, methane is a very powerful, volatile gas that can easily take the place of petroleum without marked disintegration in power or major retooling of existing technologies.The disadvantages of methanol is the process by which methane is converted into a liquid at normal temperatures by mixing methane with natural gas and gun, methane is converted into methanol. But the need for gasoline does not entirely wean the United States off of oil, so its alternative status is questionable. Additionally, the process to capture, store, and convert methane is prohibitively expensive compared to gasoline. 38. 4. 9Conclusion 39. Methanol is considered a well-made turbine fuel, with the promise of low emissions, excellent heat rate, and high power output.The gas turbine fuel system must be special to accommodate the higher mass and volumetric flow of methanol (relative to natural gas or distillate). The low eye blink head word of methanol necessitates explosion proofing. The low flash point also dictates that startup be performed with a secondary fuel such as distillate or natural gas. Testing to date has been with methanol as a liquid. GE is comfortable with methanol as a liquid or vapor. GE is prepared to make commercialised offers for new or modified gas turbines utilizing methanol fuel in liquid or vapor form found on the earlier experience.Some combustion interrogation may be required for modern machines applying for very low NOx permits. 5. Power Alcohol 5. 1Introduction Power Alcohol is a mixture of petroleum and ethanol in different proportions and due to these proportions different name are given to to each one blend like- 1. As a blend of 10 pct ethanol with 90 percent unleaded gasoline call ed E-10 unleaded. 2. As a component of reformulated gasoline, both directly and/or as ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). 3. As a primary fuel with 85 part of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded gasoline called E-85. (Rex weber 2003) When mixed with unleaded gasoline, ethanol increases octane levels, decreases exhaust emissions, and anaesthetizes the supply of gasoline. Ethanol in its liquid form, called ethyl alcohol, can be used as a fuel when blended with gasoline or in its original state. salubrious the production of ethanol fuel began way back in1907 but Ethanol use and production has increased considerably during the mid-eighties and 1990s not just due to the lack of fossil fuels but was also due to several other factors 1.Ethanol reduces the countrifieds dependence on merchandise oil, lowering the trade deficit and ensuring a dependable source of fuel should opposed supplies be interrupted. 2. Farmers sympathize an increased demand for grain which helps to stabi lize prices. 3. The quality of the environment improves. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced, and lead and other carcinogens (cancer causing agents) are removed from gasoline. 5. 2Chemistry Glucose (a simple sugar) is developd in the plant byphotosynthesis. 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + light C6H12O6+ 6 O2 Duringethanol upheaval,glucoseis de comprised into ethanol andcarbon dioxide.C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2+ heat During combustion ethanol reacts withoxygento produce carbon dioxide,water, and heat C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2+ 3 H2O + heat After doubling the combustion reaction because two specks of ethanol are produced for each glucose molecule, and adding all three reactions together, there are equal numbers of each type of atom on each side of the equation, and the net reaction for the overall production and consumption of ethanol is just Glucose itself is not the only substance in the plant that is fermented. The simple sugarfructosealso undergoes upheaval.Three other compounds in the plant can be fermented after breaking them up byhydrolysisinto the glucose or fructose molecules that compose them. Starchandcelluloseare molecules that are draw of glucose molecules, and sucrose(ordinary table sugar) is a molecule of glucose bonded to a molecule of fructose. The energy to create fructose in the plant finally write outs from the metabolism of glucose created by photosynthesis, and so cheer also provides the energy generated by the fermentation of these other molecules. Ethanol may also be produced industrially from ethylene(ethylene).Addition of water to the double bond converts ethene to ethanol C2H4+ H2O CH3CH2OH This is through in the comportment of an acid whichcatalyzesthe reaction, but is not consumed. The ethene is produced from petroleum bysteam cracking. 5. 3Production Ethanol can be produced by various methods but the most commonly used in todays mankind is by the method of fermentation and distillment of sugar lambaste, grains, corn etc. 5. 3. 1Ethanol from su gar cane The first stage in ethanol production is to grow a reduce such as sugar cane. The sugar cane of cut agglomerate and undergoes fermentation and distillate. 5. 3. 2FermentationCrushed sugar cane in placed in fermentation tanks. Bacteria in the tanks acts on the sugar cane and in time produce a crude form of ethanol. This is then passed on to the distillation stills where it is refined to a pure form. 5. 3. 3Distillation The dingy/crude ethanol is heated in a still until it vaporizes and rises into the neck where it unruffleds and condenses back to pure liquid ethanol. The impurities are unexpended behind in the still. The ethanol trickles down the condensing tube into a barrel, ready for distribution. When burned it produces fewer pollutants than traditional fuels such as petrol and diesel.Fig. 6 Distillation process of impure/crude ethanol The production of petroleum is done by the waist-length distillation of crude oil. 5. 3. 4Fractional Distillation The various comp onents of crude oil have different sizes, weights and stewing temperatures so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different stewing temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called divisional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows 1. Youheatthe mixture of two or more substances (liquids) with different boil points to a high temperature.Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of close to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixtureboils, forming vapor (gases) most substances go into the vapor phase. 3. Thevaporenters the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a disentangled cap on a sodium carbonate bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. They increase the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column andhelp to collect liquids that form a t various heights in the column.There is a temperature contrariety across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top). 4. Thevapor risesin the column. 5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, itcools. 6. When a substance in the vapor reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substances boiling point, it willcondenseto form a liquid. (The substance with the low boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column. ). 7.The trayscollectthe various liquid fractions. 8. The collected liquid fractions maypass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or they maygo to other areas for further chemical processing Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with condense differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process. The oil refining process starts with a fractional d istillation column. On the right, you can see several chemical processors that are exposit in the next section.Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. Many of them must be chemically processed to make other fractions. For example, only 40% of distilled crude oil is gasoline however, gasoline is one of the major products made by oil companies. quite a than continually distilling large quantities of crude oil, oil companies chemically process some other fractions from the distillation column to make gasoline this processing increases the yield of gasoline from each barrel of crude oil.Fig. 7 Fractional distillation of crude oil 5. 4Air pollution Compared with conventionalunleaded gasoline, ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water andaldehydes. gun produces 2. 44CO2equivalentkg/l and ethanol 1. 94. Since ethanol contains 2/3 of the energy per volume as gasoline, ethan ol produces 19% more CO2than gasoline for the same energy. The divest Air Actrequires the addition ofoxygenatesto reduce carbon monoxide emissions in the United States.The additiveMTBEis currently being phased out due to end water contamination hence ethanol becomes an attractive alternative additive. Annual Fuel Ethanol Production by realm (20072011)2646566 Top 10 countries/regional blocks (Millions of U. S. liquid gallons per year) World rank Country/ neighbourhood 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 1 United States 13,900 13,231 10,938 9,235 6,485 2 brazil nut 5,573. 24 6,921. 54 6,577. 89 6,472. 2 5,019. 2 3 European nitty-gritty 1,199. 31 1,176. 88 1,039. 52 733. 0 570. 30 4 China 554. 76 541. 55 541. 55 501. 90 486. 00 5 Thailand 435. 20 89. 80 79. 20 6 Canada 462. 3 356. 63 290. 59 237. 70 211. 30 7 India 91. 67 66. 00 52. 80 8 Colombia 83. 21 79. 30 74. 90 9 Australia 87. 2 66. 04 56. 80 26. 40 26. 40 10 Other 247. 27 Table 2 Annual fuel ethanol production by awkward Tab le 2 Annual fuel ethanol production by body politic World Total 22,356. 09 22,946. 87 19,534. 993 17,335. 20 13,101. 7 5. 5AdvantagesEthanol has a higher octane number (113) than regular unleaded gasoline (87) and exchange premium unleaded gasoline (93). Complete combustion Ethanol molecules contain 35 percent oxygen, and serve as an oxygenate to raise the oxygen content of gasoline fuel. Thus, it helps gasoline burn completely and reduces the buildup of gummy deposits. oppose overheating Ethanol burns tankful than gasoline. Fuel Type Ethanol perpetual Gasoline Premier Gasoline E10 Gasohol E85 Gasohol button Content (/Gallons) 84,600 125,000 131,200 120,900 90,660 Table 3 push content of fuelsEnergy content As shown in Table 2, fuel ethanol contains just about 33 percent less energy content than regular gasoline. The energy content of gasohol blends (E10 or E85) is determined by the energy content of ethanol and gasoline, and their ratio. Emissions from ethanol are about 4 8% of diesel it is lowest of any of the fuels. The clean burning characteristics extend turbine life, possibly by as much as 100%. (K. K. Gupta 2010) 5. 6Disadvantages Loss of power and performance Pure ethanol is over 100+ octane, and provides the fuel with much of its octane rating.Because Ethanol burns at a lower temperature than the older (MTBE) gas, boaters can expect to see a 2 to 3 % drop in RPM. Use of ethanol in the pure state or as a blend would probably require replacement of any white metal or aluminum in the system as well as some elastomers. (K. K. Gupta 2010) 6. References Hydrogen Journal Papers G. L. Juste (2006) Hydrogen injection as additional fuel in gas turbine combustor. evaluation of effects. foreign Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31 (2006) 2112 2121 K. K. Gupta a,*, A. Rehman b, R. M.Sarviya b, (2010) Bio-fuels for the gas turbine A review. Renewable and sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 29462955 P. A. Pilavachi (2000), Power generation with gas turbine systems and combined heat and power, utilize Thermal Engineering 20 (2000) 14211429 Paolo Gobbato*, Massimo Masi, Andrea Toffolo, Andrea Lazzaretto (2010) numeral simulation of a hydrogen fuelled gas turbine combustor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011) 7993- 8002 Nils Erland L. Haugena, Christian Brunhuberb and Marie Bysveena (2012) Hydrogen fuel supply system and re-heat gas turbine.Combustion Energy Procedia 23 ( 2012 ) 151 160 Website Pyromex Technology interpretation http//www. pyromex. com/index. php/en/pyromex-technology/technology-description Methanol & Power alcohol A Special radical burning Tomorrows Fuels, Power, S14-S15, February 1979. Test and Evaluation of Methanol in a Gas Turbine System, Southern California Edison Company, EPRI Report AP-1712, February 1981. Methanol. Clean Coal Stationary Engine materialisation Project. Executive Summary, California Energy Commission, Report P500-86-004, February 1986. Methanol Power Generation inference Tes t Starts for a Power start at Peak Demand Nipponese High-Technology Monitor, 5 April 1993. Ethanol blended fuels Rex Weber 2003 of Northwest Iowa Community College in cooperation with the Iowa clavus Promotion Board. Fuel Ethanol Zhiyou Wen, character Engineer, Biological System Engineering, Virginia Tech potty Ignosh, Area Specialist, Northwest District, Virginia Cooperative quotation, Jactone Arogo, Extension Engineer, Biological System Engineering, Virginia Tech