Sleep Disorders

People are getting less sleep in today's society than they did 80 years ago (Myers 54). Although not every person needs to sleep the standard number of 8 hours a night, everyone has a set number they need to meet in order to function optimally. About 20% of Americans are reporting that they are getting less than 6 hours of sleep a night (Davis). Modern inventions like computers, television, and social diversions are making this hard to achieve (Myers 53). Many people have the misconception that they can skimp on sleep now and later pay off their â€Å"sleep debt† with extra long sleep sessions, however, this is an untrue statement.The human brain keeps track and remembers the amount of sleep we are getting/not getting for at least two weeks at a time (Myers 54). It will take a lot more than a single slumberous weekend to get the body back on track. Sleep depravation has many effects, ranging from seemingly harmless to more prominent and severe. People who sleep less tend to ex perience higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, memory impairment, irritability, slowed work performance, and impaired communication and concentration (Myers 54).The nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl and the Exxon Valdez oil spill have been linked to insufficient sleep (Coren). Data from a study on traffic incidents across Canada after daylight savings time, in which people lose one hour of sleep, showed a significant increase in the number of accidents than before the time change (Coren). Sleep depravation can weaken the body's immune system, which fights off viral diseases and other harmful illnesses like cancer (Myers 54). Psychologists believe there are a few explanations on why getting sufficient sleep is important.One reason is that sleep helps our body and brain repair damaged tissue. When sleeping, the neutrons in a person's body are also at rest and focus on repairing themselves (Myers 55). Another reason is that sleeping helps people remember. During sleep, bodies bring back and reconstruct memories of daily experiences (Myers 55). It has been found that people who are trained on certain tasks and have a restful night of sleep can recall them better than others who do not (Myers 55). Some groups of people are sleep deprived because they suffer from sleep isorders. These disorders, such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy (Myers 55-56), prevent individuals from receiving an adequate amount of sleep and can result in undesirable symptoms. Works Cited Coren, Stanley. â€Å"Daylight Savings Time and Traffic Accidents. † New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. , 04 Apr 1996. Web. 26 Jan 2012. Davis, Jeanie Meow. â€Å"Sleep Deprivation in America. † WebMD. com, n. p. 29 Nov 2011. Web. 26 Jan 2012. Myers, David G. Psychology in Everyday Life. New York: Worth Publishers, 2009. Print.

My First Day Of Middle School Essay

My first day of middle school I met one of my best friends in the front of the school she had a funny look on her face, not the usual big smile accompanied with her big brown eyes, but with she looked as though she was scared. When I have her a hug she just stood there and didn’t move and pointed at her throat, she fell right in front of me and laid there gasping looking at the ceiling. Everyone including me panicked and out of nowhere this big tall guy in a black uniform got down and grabbed her and put his head in her chest to listen to breathing According to the career assessment I am enterprising, realistic, and social. I was matched with several different kinds of careers including chef, professional athlete, and a skincare specialist. However, most appealing of all of the suggested careers in my eyes would be to become a law enforcement officer and one day a sheriff/ police chief. Growing up being one of the oldest in my family has forced me to become very protective watching over two younger sisters and countless younger cousins. The sports I have played and excelled in including football, track and wrestling will help me advance in that career, being that law enforcement is a very stressful job I will have to be physically and mentally fit to keep up and strive in that field. In Georgia there is an abundance of variation in police officer salaries. The variation is caused by many different factors from population, to the general crime rate in that area. In Atlanta, Georgia the annual salary for a police officer can range from $35,733 to $70, 547 with a median of around $52, 498. I plan to be a police officer for at least ten years and earn a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, while learning as much as I can about street criminals and how they operate. Once established enough I plan to become a sheriff/police chief whose annual salaries can range from $89,729 to $112,081 with a median of around $100, 437. Salaries for police chiefs vary for the same reason as police officers. Police officers right now are most needed in areas of high crime and areas where the number of civilians heavily outweigh the number of law enforcement officers. This mean most urban areas and big cities such as Atlanta, Los Angeles, or Chicago. This is Beneficial to me because I already live near Atlanta so I can pursue this career right at home. In this career choice  there are more men than women. Today women make up about twelve percent of the law enforcement jobs. I believe this is because the physical tests are based on a male ability. The physical exams are more difficult for the women. The average working hours of the police are 40 hours per week but the officer can do overtime if necessary. The benefits of having this career can vary from a raise in salary, medical, dental, or even college tuition benefits, and also retirement and pension options. The way to become a police officer is that you have to be a high school graduate and must complete a police academy training program. Some agencies require an associate’s degree in criminology or criminal justice. Also when trying to be a police officer you have to have good credit because that is part of your background check. It’s also great to have a good work experience so that it can prepare you for the long hours that you will spend on the job. Being physically fit is another major part of securing my career because you have to be healthy and willing to run and jump over objects. To sustain my career and make myself marketable I will always come forth with a positive attitude and get the job done. I will make sure to strive for the highest of expectations and make sure I am best represented for helping the community and keeping everyone self. I want to do what all law enforcement officers are here for which is to stop crime and help people. I also want to be known for having a kind heart and helping anyone in need. Another thing I want to do is start a charity to help those who are in need and also to get young men and women off the streets and headed to a better future.

Twilight 5. BLOOD TYPE

5. BLOOD TYPE I made my way to English in a daze. I didn't even realize when I first walked in that class had already started. â€Å"Thank you for joining us, Miss Swan,† Mr. Mason said in a disparaging tone. I flushed and hurried to my seat. It wasn't till class ended that I realized Mike wasn't sitting in his usual seat next to me. I felt a twinge of guilt. But he and Eric both met me at the door as usual, so I figured I wasn't totally unforgiven. Mike seemed to become more himself as we walked, gaining enthusiasm as he talked about the weather report for this weekend. The rain was supposed to take a minor break, and so maybe his beach trip would be possible. I tried to sound eager, to make up for disappointing him yesterday. It was hard; rain or no rain, it would still only be in the high forties, if we were lucky. The rest of the morning passed in a blur. It was difficult to believe that I hadn't just imagined what Edward had said, and the way his eyes had looked. Maybe it was just a very convincing dream that I'd confused with reality. That seemed more probable than that I really appealed to him on any level. So I was impatient and frightened as Jessica and I entered the cafeteria. I wanted to see his face, to see if he'd gone back to the cold, indifferent person I'd known for the last several weeks. Or if, by some miracle, I'd really heard what I thought I'd heard this morning. Jessica babbled on and on about her dance plans – Lauren and Angela had asked the other boys and they were all going together – completely unaware of my inattention. Disappointment flooded through me as my eyes unerringly focused on his table. The other four were there, but he was absent. Had he gone home? I followed the still-babbling Jessica through the line, crushed. I'd lost my appetite – I bought nothing but a bottle of lemonade. I just wanted to go sit down and sulk. â€Å"Edward Cullen is staring at you again,† Jessica said, finally breaking through my abstraction with his name. â€Å"I wonder why he's sitting alone today.† My head snapped up. I followed her gaze to see Edward, smiling crookedly, staring at me from an empty table across the cafeteria from where he usually sat. Once he'd caught my eye, he raised one hand and motioned with his index finger for me to join him. As I stared in disbelief, he winked. â€Å"Does he mean you?† Jessica asked with insulting astonishment in her voice. â€Å"Maybe he needs help with his Biology homework,† I muttered for her benefit. â€Å"Um, I'd better go see what he wants.† I could feel her staring after me as I walked away. When I reached his table, I stood behind the chair across from him, unsure. â€Å"Why don't you sit with me today?† he asked, smiling. I sat down automatically, watching him with caution. He was still smiling. It was hard to believe that someone so beautiful could be real. I was afraid that he might disappear in a sudden puff of smoke, and I would wake up. He seemed to be waiting for me to say something. â€Å"This is different,† I finally managed. â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paused, and then the rest of the words followed in a rush. â€Å"I decided as long as I was going to hell, I might as well do it thoroughly.† I waited for him to say something that made sense. The seconds ticked by. â€Å"You know I don't have any idea what you mean,† I eventually pointed out. â€Å"I know.† He smiled again, and then he changed the subject. â€Å"I think your friends are angry with me for stealing you.† â€Å"They'll survive.† I could feel their stares boring into my back. â€Å"I may not give you back, though,† he said with a wicked glint in his eyes. I gulped. He laughed. â€Å"You look worried.† â€Å"No,† I said, but, ridiculously, my voice broke. â€Å"Surprised, actually†¦ what brought all this on?† â€Å"I told you – I got tired of trying to stay away from you. So I'm giving up.† He was still smiling, but his ocher eyes were serious. â€Å"Giving up?† I repeated in confusion. â€Å"Yes – giving up trying to be good. I'm just going to do what I want now, and let the chips fall where they may.† His smile faded as he explained, and a hard edge crept into his voice. â€Å"You lost me again.† The breathtaking crooked smile reappeared. â€Å"I always say too much when I'm talking to you – that's one of the problems.† â€Å"Don't worry – I don't understand any of it,† I said wryly. â€Å"I'm counting on that.† â€Å"So, in plain English, are we friends now?† â€Å"Friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he mused, dubious. â€Å"Or not,† I muttered. He grinned. â€Å"Well, we can try, I suppose. But I'm warning you now that I'm not a good friend for you.† Behind his smile, the warning was real. â€Å"You say that a lot,† I noted, trying to ignore the sudden trembling in my stomach and keep my voice even. â€Å"Yes, because you're not listening to me. I'm still waiting for you to believe it. If you're smart, you'll avoid me.† â€Å"I think you've made your opinion on the subject of my intellect clear, too.† My eyes narrowed. He smiled apologetically. â€Å"So, as long as I'm being†¦ not smart, we'll try to be friends?† I struggled to sum up the confusing exchange. â€Å"That sounds about right.† I looked down at my hands wrapped around the lemonade bottle, not sure what to do now. â€Å"What are you thinking?† he asked curiously. I looked up into his deep gold eyes, became befuddled, and, as usual, blurted out the truth. â€Å"I'm trying to figure out what you are.† His jaw tightened, but he kept his smile in place with some effort. â€Å"Are you having any luck with that?† he asked in an offhand tone. â€Å"Not too much,† I admitted. He chuckled. â€Å"What are your theories?† I blushed. I had been vacillating during the last month between Bruce Wayne and Peter Parker. There was no way I was going to own up to that. â€Å"Won't you tell me?† he asked, tilting his head to one side with a shockingly tempting smile. I shook my head. â€Å"Too embarrassing.† â€Å"That's really frustrating, you know,† he complained. â€Å"No,† I disagreed quickly, my eyes narrowing, â€Å"I can't imagine why that would be frustrating at all – just because someone refuses to tell you what they're thinking, even if all the while they're making cryptic little remarks specifically designed to keep you up at night wondering what they could possibly mean†¦ now, why would that be frustrating?† He grimaced. â€Å"Or better,† I continued, the pent-up annoyance flowing freely now, â€Å"say that person also did a wide range of bizarre things – from saving your life under impossible circumstances one day to treating you like a pariah the next, and he never explained any of that, either, even after he promised. That, also, would be very non-frustrating.† â€Å"You've got a bit of a temper, don't you?† â€Å"I don't like double standards.† We stared at each other, unsmiling. He glanced over my shoulder, and then, unexpectedly, he snickered. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Your boyfriend seems to think I'm being unpleasant to you – he's debating whether or not to come break up our fight.† He snickered again. â€Å"I don't know who you're talking about,† I said frostily. â€Å"But I'm sure you're wrong, anyway.† â€Å"I'm not. I told you, most people are easy to read.† â€Å"Except me, of course.† â€Å"Yes. Except for you.† His mood shifted suddenly; his eyes turned brooding. â€Å"I wonder why that is.† I had to look away from the intensity of his stare. I concentrated on unscrewing the lid of my lemonade. I took a swig, staring at the table without seeing it. â€Å"Aren't you hungry?† he asked, distracted. â€Å"No.† I didn't feel like mentioning that my stomach was already full – of butterflies. â€Å"You?† I looked at the empty table in front of him. â€Å"No, I'm not hungry.† I didn't understand his expression – it looked like he was enjoying some private joke. â€Å"Can you do me a favor?† I asked after a second of hesitation. He was suddenly wary. â€Å"That depends on what you want.† â€Å"It's not much,† I assured him. He waited, guarded but curious. â€Å"I just wondered†¦ if you could warn me beforehand the next time you decide to ignore me for my own good. Just so I'm prepared.† I looked at the lemonade bottle as I spoke, tracing the circle of the opening with my pinkie finger. â€Å"That sounds fair.† He was pressing his lips together to keep from laughing when I looked up. â€Å"Thanks.† â€Å"Then can I have one answer in return?† he demanded. â€Å"One.† â€Å"Tell me one theory.† Whoops. â€Å"Not that one.† â€Å"You didn't qualify, you just promised one answer,† he reminded me. â€Å"And you've broken promises yourself,† I reminded him back. â€Å"Just one theory – I won't laugh.† â€Å"Yes, you will.† I was positive about that. He looked down, and then glanced up at me through his long black lashes, his ocher eyes scorching. â€Å"Please?† he breathed, leaning toward me. I blinked, my mind going blank. Holy crow, how did he do that? â€Å"Er, what?† I asked, dazed. â€Å"Please tell me just one little theory.† His eyes still smoldered at me. â€Å"Um, well, bitten by a radioactive spider?† Was he a hypnotist, too? Or was I just a hopeless pushover? â€Å"That's not very creative,† he scoffed. â€Å"I'm sorry, that's all I've got,† I said, miffed. â€Å"You're not even close,† he teased. â€Å"No spiders?† â€Å"Nope.† â€Å"And no radioactivity?† â€Å"None.† â€Å"Dang,† I sighed. â€Å"Kryptonite doesn't bother me, either,† he chuckled. â€Å"You're not supposed to laugh, remember?† He struggled to compose his face. â€Å"I'll figure it out eventually,† I warned him. â€Å"I wish you wouldn't try.† He was serious again. â€Å"Because†¦ ?† â€Å"What if I'm not a superhero? What if I'm the bad guy?† He smiled playfully, but his eyes were impenetrable. â€Å"Oh,† I said, as several things he'd hinted fell suddenly into place. â€Å"I see.† â€Å"Do you?† His face was abruptly severe, as if he were afraid that he'd accidentally said too much. â€Å"You're dangerous?† I guessed, my pulse quickening as I intuitively realized the truth of my own words. He was dangerous. He'd been trying to tell me that all along. He just looked at me, eyes full of some emotion I couldn't comprehend. â€Å"But not bad,† I whispered, shaking my head. â€Å"No, I don't believe that you're bad.† â€Å"You're wrong.† His voice was almost inaudible. He looked down, stealing my bottle lid and then spinning it on its side between his fingers. I stared at him, wondering why I didn't feel afraid. He meant what he was saying – that was obvious. But I just felt anxious, on edge†¦ and, more than anything else, fascinated. The same way I always felt when I was near him. The silence lasted until I noticed that the cafeteria was almost empty. I jumped to my feet. â€Å"We're going to be late.† â€Å"I'm not going to class today,† he said, twirling the lid so fast it was just a blur. â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"It's healthy to ditch class now and then.† He smiled up at me, but his eyes were still troubled. â€Å"Well, I'm going,† I told him. I was far too big a coward to risk getting caught. He turned his attention back to his makeshift top. â€Å"I'll see you later, then.† I hesitated, torn, but then the first bell sent me hurrying out the door – with a last glance confirming that he hadn't moved a centimeter. As I half-ran to class, my head was spinning faster than the bottle cap. So few questions had been answered in comparison to how many new questions had been raised. At least the rain had stopped. I was lucky; Mr. Banner wasn't in the room yet when I arrived. I settled quickly into my seat, aware that both Mike and Angela were staring at me. Mike looked resentful; Angela looked surprised, and slightly awed. Mr. Banner came in the room then, calling the class to order. He was juggling a few small cardboard boxes in his arms. He put them down on Mike's table, telling him to start passing them around the class. â€Å"Okay, guys, I want you all to take one piece from each box,† he said as he produced a pair of rubber gloves from the pocket of his lab jacket and pulled them on. The sharp sound as the gloves snapped into place against his wrists seemed ominous to me. â€Å"The first should be an indicator card,† he went on, grabbing a white card with four squares marked on it and displaying it. â€Å"The second is a four-pronged applicator -† he held up something that looked like a nearly toothless hair pick â€Å"- and the third is a sterile micro-lancet.† He held up a small piece of blue plastic and split it open. The barb was invisible from this distance, but my stomach flipped. â€Å"I'll be coming around with a dropper of water to prepare your cards, so please don't start until I get to you.† He began at Mike's table again, carefully putting one drop of water in each of the four squares. â€Å"Then I want you to carefully prick your finger with the lancet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He grabbed Mike's hand and jabbed the spike into the tip of Mike's middle finger. Oh no. Clammy moisture broke out across my forehead. â€Å"Put a small drop of blood on each of the prongs.† He demonstrated, squeezing Mike's finger till the blood flowed. I swallowed convulsively, my stomach heaving. â€Å"And then apply it to the card,† he finished, holding up the dripping red card for us to see. I closed my eyes, trying to hear through the ringing in my ears. â€Å"The Red Cross is having a blood drive in Port Angeles next weekend, so I thought you should all know your blood type.† He sounded proud of himself. â€Å"Those of you who aren't eighteen yet will need a parent's permission – I have slips at my desk.† He continued through the room with his water drops. I put my cheek against the cool black tabletop and tried to hold on to my consciousness. All around me I could hear squeals, complaints, and giggles as my classmates skewered their fingers. I breathed slowly in and out through my mouth. â€Å"Bella, are you all right?† Mr. Banner asked. His voice was close to my head, and it sounded alarmed. â€Å"I already know my blood type, Mr. Banner,† I said in a weak voice. I was afraid to raise my head. â€Å"Are you feeling faint?† â€Å"Yes, sir,† I muttered, internally kicking myself for not ditching when I had the chance. â€Å"Can someone take Bella to the nurse, please?† he called. I didn't have to look up to know that it would be Mike who volunteered. â€Å"Can you walk?† Mr. Banner asked. â€Å"Yes,† I whispered. Just let me get out of here, I thought. I'll crawl. Mike seemed eager as he put his arm around my waist and pulled my arm over his shoulder. I leaned against him heavily on the way out of the classroom. Mike towed me slowly across campus. When we were around the edge of the cafeteria, out of sight of building four in case Mr. Banner was watching, I stopped. â€Å"Just let me sit for a minute, please?† I begged. He helped me sit on the edge of the walk. â€Å"And whatever you do, keep your hand in your pocket,† I warned. I was still so dizzy. I slumped over on my side, putting my cheek against the freezing, damp cement of the sidewalk, closing my eyes. That seemed to help a little. â€Å"Wow, you're green, Bella,† Mike said nervously. â€Å"Bella?† a different voice called from the distance. No! Please let me be imagining that horribly familiar voice. â€Å"What's wrong – is she hurt?† His voice was closer now, and he sounded upset. I wasn't imagining it. I squeezed my eyes shut, hoping to die. Or, at the very least, not to throw up. Mike seemed stressed. â€Å"I think she's fainted. I don't know what happened, she didn't even stick her finger.† â€Å"Bella.† Edward's voice was right beside me, relieved now. â€Å"Can you hear me?† â€Å"No,† I groaned. â€Å"Go away.† He chuckled. â€Å"I was taking her to the nurse,† Mike explained in a defensive tone, â€Å"but she wouldn't go any farther.† â€Å"I'll take her,† Edward said. I could hear the smile still in his voice. â€Å"You can go back to class.† â€Å"No,† Mike protested. â€Å"I'm supposed to do it.† Suddenly the sidewalk disappeared from beneath me. My eyes flew open in shock. Edward had scooped me up in his arms, as easily as if I weighed ten pounds instead of a hundred and ten. â€Å"Put me down!† Please, please let me not vomit on him. He was walking before I was finished talking. â€Å"Hey!† Mike called, already ten paces behind us. Edward ignored him. â€Å"You look awful,† he told me, grinning. â€Å"Put me back on the sidewalk,† I moaned. The rocking movement of his walk was not helping. He held me away from his body, gingerly, supporting all my weight with just his arms – it didn't seem to bother him. â€Å"So you faint at the sight of blood?† he asked. This seemed to entertain him. I didn't answer. I closed my eyes again and fought the nausea with all my strength, clamping my lips together. â€Å"And not even your own blood,† he continued, enjoying himself. I don't know how he opened the door while carrying me, but it was suddenly warm, so I knew we were inside. â€Å"Oh my,† I heard a female voice gasp. â€Å"She fainted in Biology,† Edward explained. I opened my eyes. I was in the office, and Edward was striding past the front counter toward the nurse's door. Ms. Cope, the redheaded front office receptionist, ran ahead of him to hold it open. The grandmotherly nurse looked up from a novel, astonished, as Edward swung me into the room and placed me gently on the crackly paper that covered the brown vinyl mattress on the one cot. Then he moved to stand against the wall as far across the narrow room as possible. His eyes were bright, excited. â€Å"She's just a little faint,† he reassured the startled nurse. â€Å"They're blood typing in Biology.† The nurse nodded sagely. â€Å"There's always one.† He muffled a snicker. â€Å"Just lie down for a minute, honey; it'll pass.† â€Å"I know,† I sighed. The nausea was already fading. â€Å"Does this happen a lot?† she asked. â€Å"Sometimes,† I admitted. Edward coughed to hide another laugh. â€Å"You can go back to class now,† she told him. â€Å"I'm supposed to stay with her.† He said this with such assured authority that – even though she pursed her lips – the nurse didn't argue it further. â€Å"I'll go get you some ice for your forehead, dear,† she said to me, and then bustled out of the room. â€Å"You were right,† I moaned, letting my eyes close. â€Å"I usually am – but about what in particular this time?† â€Å"Ditching is healthy.† I practiced breathing evenly. â€Å"You scared me for a minute there,† he admitted after a pause. His tone made it sound like he was confessing a humiliating weakness. â€Å"I thought Newton was dragging your dead body off to bury it in the woods.† â€Å"Ha ha.† I still had my eyes closed, but I was feeling more normal every minute. â€Å"Honestly – I've seen corpses with better color. I was concerned that I might have to avenge your murder.† â€Å"Poor Mike. I'll bet he's mad.† â€Å"He absolutely loathes me,† Edward said cheerfully. â€Å"You can't know that,† I argued, but then I wondered suddenly if he could. â€Å"I saw his face – I could tell.† â€Å"How did you see me? I thought you were ditching.† I was almost fine now, though the queasiness would probably pass faster if I'd eaten something for lunch. On the other hand, maybe it was lucky my stomach was empty. â€Å"I was in my car, listening to a CD.† Such a normal response – it surprised me. I heard the door and opened my eyes to see the nurse with a cold compress in her hand. â€Å"Here you go, dear.† She laid it across my forehead. â€Å"You're looking better,† she added. â€Å"I think I'm fine,† I said, sitting up. Just a little ringing in my ears, no spinning. The mint green walls stayed where they should. I could see she was about to make me lie back down, but the door opened just then, and Ms. Cope stuck her head in. â€Å"We've got another one,† she warned. I hopped down to free up the cot for the next invalid. I handed the compress back to the nurse. â€Å"Here, I don't need this.† And then Mike staggered through the door, now supporting a sallow-looking Lee Stephens, another boy in our Biology class. Edward and I drew back against the wall to give them room. â€Å"Oh no,† Edward muttered. â€Å"Go out to the office, Bella.† I looked up at him, bewildered. â€Å"Trust me – go.† I spun and caught the door before it closed, darting out of the infirmary. I could feel Edward right behind me. â€Å"You actually listened to me.† He was stunned. â€Å"I smelled the blood,† I said, wrinkling my nose. Lee wasn't sick from watching other people, like me. â€Å"People can't smell blood,† he contradicted. â€Å"Well, I can – that's what makes me sick. It smells like rust†¦ and salt.† He was staring at me with an unfathomable expression. â€Å"What?† I asked. â€Å"It's nothing.† Mike came through the door then, glancing from me to Edward. The look he gave Edward confirmed what Edward had said about loathing. He looked back at me, his eyes glum. â€Å"You look better,† he accused. â€Å"Just keep your hand in your pocket,† I warned him again. â€Å"It's not bleeding anymore,† he muttered. â€Å"Are you going back to class?† â€Å"Are you kidding? I'd just have to turn around and come back.† â€Å"Yeah, I guess†¦ So are you going this weekend? To the beach?† While he spoke, he flashed another glare toward Edward, who was standing against the cluttered counter, motionless as a sculpture, staring off into space. I tried to sound as friendly as possible. â€Å"Sure, I said I was in.† â€Å"We're meeting at my dad's store, at ten.† His eyes flickered to Edward again, wondering if he was giving out too much information. His body language made it clear that it wasn't an open invitation. â€Å"I'll be there,† I promised. â€Å"I'll see you in Gym, then,† he said, moving uncertainly toward the door. â€Å"See you,† I replied. He looked at me once more, his round face slightly pouting, and then as he walked slowly through the door, his shoulders slumped. A swell of sympathy washed over me. I pondered seeing his disappointed face again†¦ in Gym. â€Å"Gym,† I groaned. â€Å"I can take care of that.† I hadn't noticed Edward moving to my side, but he spoke now in my ear. â€Å"Go sit down and look pale,† he muttered. That wasn't a challenge; I was always pale, and my recent swoon had left a light sheen of sweat on my face. I sat in one of the creaky folding chairs and rested my head against the wall with my eyes closed. Fainting spells always exhausted me. I heard Edward speaking softly at the counter. â€Å"Ms. Cope?† â€Å"Yes?† I hadn't heard her return to her desk. â€Å"Bella has Gym next hour, and I don't think she feels well enough. Actually, I was thinking I should take her home now. Do you think you could excuse her from class?† His voice was like melting honey. I could imagine how much more overwhelming his eyes would be. â€Å"Do you need to be excused, too, Edward?† Ms. Cope fluttered. Why couldn't I do that? â€Å"No, I have Mrs. Goff, she won't mind.† â€Å"Okay, it's all taken care of. You feel better, Bella,† she called to me. I nodded weakly, hamming it up just a bit. â€Å"Can you walk, or do you want me to carry you again?† With his back to the receptionist, his expression became sarcastic. â€Å"I'll walk.† I stood carefully, and I was still fine. He held the door for me, his smile polite but his eyes mocking. I walked out into the cold, fine mist that had just begun to fall. It felt nice – the first time I'd enjoyed the constant moisture falling out of the sky – as it washed my face clean of the sticky perspiration. â€Å"Thanks,† I said as he followed me out. â€Å"It's almost worth getting sick to miss Gym.† â€Å"Anytime.† He was staring straight forward, squinting into the rain. â€Å"So are you going? This Saturday, I mean?† I was hoping he would, though it seemed unlikely. I couldn't picture him loading up to carpool with the rest of the kids from school; he didn't belong in the same world. But just hoping that he might gave me the first twinge of enthusiasm I'd felt for the outing. â€Å"Where are you all going, exactly?† He was still looking ahead, expressionless. â€Å"Down to La Push, to First Beach.† I studied his face, trying to read it. His eyes seemed to narrow infinitesimally. He glanced down at me from the corner of his eye, smiling wryly. â€Å"I really don't think I was invited.† I sighed. â€Å"I just invited you.† â€Å"Let's you and I not push poor Mike any further this week. We don't want him to snap.† His eyes danced; he was enjoying the idea more than he should. â€Å"Mike-schmike.† I muttered, preoccupied by the way he'd said â€Å"you and I.† I liked it more than I should. We were near the parking lot now. I veered left, toward my truck. Something caught my jacket, yanking me back. â€Å"Where do you think you're going?† he asked, outraged. He was gripping a fistful of my jacket in one hand. I was confused. â€Å"I'm going home.† â€Å"Didn't you hear me promise to take you safely home? Do you think I'm going to let you drive in your condition?† His voice was still indignant. â€Å"What condition? And what about my truck?† I complained. â€Å"I'll have Alice drop it off after school.† He was towing me toward his car now, pulling me by my jacket. It was all I could do to keep from falling backward. He'd probably just drag me along anyway if I did. â€Å"Let go!† I insisted. He ignored me. I staggered along sideways across the wet sidewalk until we reached the Volvo. Then he finally freed me – I stumbled against the passenger door. â€Å"You are so pushy!† I grumbled. â€Å"It's open,† was all he responded. He got in the driver's side. â€Å"I am perfectly capable of driving myself home!† I stood by the car, fuming. It was raining harder now, and I'd never put my hood up, so my hair was dripping down my back. He lowered the automatic window and leaned toward me across the seat. â€Å"Get in, Bella.† I didn't answer. I was mentally calculating my chances of reaching the truck before he could catch me. I had to admit, they weren't good. â€Å"I'll just drag you back,† he threatened, guessing my plan. I tried to maintain what dignity I could as I got into his car. I wasn't very successful – I looked like a half-drowned cat and my boots squeaked. â€Å"This is completely unnecessary,† I said stiffly. He didn't answer. He fiddled with the controls, turning the heater up and the music down. As he pulled out of the parking lot, I was preparing to give him the silent treatment – my face in full pout mode – but then I recognized the music playing, and my curiosity got the better of my intentions. â€Å"Clair de Lune?† I asked, surprised. â€Å"You know Debussy?† He sounded surprised, too. â€Å"Not well,† I admitted. â€Å"My mother plays a lot of classical music around the house – I only know my favorites.† â€Å"It's one of my favorites, too.† He stared out through the rain, lost in thought. I listened to the music, relaxing against the light gray leather seat. It was impossible not to respond to the familiar, soothing melody. The rain blurred everything outside the window into gray and green smudges. I began to realize we were driving very fast; the car moved so steadily, so evenly, though, I didn't feel the speed. Only the town flashing by gave it away. â€Å"What is your mother like?† he asked me suddenly. I glanced over to see him studying me with curious eyes. â€Å"She looks a lot like me, but she's prettier,† I said. He raised his eyebrows. â€Å"I have too much Charlie in me. She's more outgoing than I am, and braver. She's irresponsible and slightly eccentric, and she's a very unpredictable cook. She's my best friend.† I stopped. Talking about her was making me depressed. â€Å"How old are you, Bella?† His voice sounded frustrated for some reason I couldn't imagine. He'd stopped the car, and I realized we were at Charlie's house already. The rain was so heavy that I could barely see the house at all. It was like the car was submerged under a river. â€Å"I'm seventeen,† I responded, a little confused. â€Å"You don't seem seventeen.† His tone was reproachful; it made me laugh. â€Å"What?† he asked, curious again. â€Å"My mom always says I was born thirty-five years old and that I get more middle-aged every year.† I laughed, and then sighed. â€Å"Well, someone has to be the adult.† I paused for a second. â€Å"You don't seem much like a junior in high school yourself,† I noted. He made a face and changed the subject. â€Å"So why did your mother marry Phil?† I was surprised he would remember the name; I'd mentioned it just once, almost two months ago. It took me a moment to answer. â€Å"My mother†¦ she's very young for her age. I think Phil makes her feel even younger. At any rate, she's crazy about him.† I shook my head. The attraction was a mystery to me. â€Å"Do you approve?† he asked. â€Å"Does it matter?† I countered. â€Å"I want her to be happy†¦ and he is who she wants.† â€Å"That's very generous†¦ I wonder,† he mused. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Would she extend the same courtesy to you, do you think? No matter who your choice was?† He was suddenly intent, his eyes searching mine. â€Å"I-I think so,† I stuttered. â€Å"But she's the parent, after all. It's a little bit different.† â€Å"No one too scary then,† he teased. I grinned in response. â€Å"What do you mean by scary? Multiple facial piercings and extensive tattoos?† â€Å"That's one definition, I suppose.† â€Å"What's your definition?† But he ignored my question and asked me another. â€Å"Do you think that I could be scary?† He raised one eyebrow, and the faint trace of a smile lightened his face. I thought for a moment, wondering whether the truth or a lie would go over better. I decided to go with the truth. â€Å"Hmmm†¦ I think you could be, if you wanted to.† â€Å"Are you frightened of me now?† The smile vanished, and his heavenly face was suddenly serious. â€Å"No.† But I answered too quickly. The smile returned. â€Å"So, now are you going to tell me about your family?† I asked to distract him. â€Å"It's got to be a much more interesting story than mine.† He was instantly cautious. â€Å"What do you want to know?† â€Å"The Cullens adopted you?† I verified. â€Å"Yes.† I hesitated for a moment. â€Å"What happened to your parents?† â€Å"They died many years ago.† His tone was matter-of-fact. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I mumbled. â€Å"I don't really remember them that clearly. Carlisle and Esme have been my parents for a long time now.† â€Å"And you love them.† It wasn't a question. It was obvious in the way he spoke of them. â€Å"Yes.† He smiled. â€Å"I couldn't imagine two better people.† â€Å"You're very lucky.† â€Å"I know I am.† â€Å"And your brother and sister?† He glanced at the clock on the dashboard. â€Å"My brother and sister, and Jasper and Rosalie for that matter, are going to be quite upset if they have to stand in the rain waiting for me.† â€Å"Oh, sorry, I guess you have to go.† I didn't want to get out of the car. â€Å"And you probably want your truck back before Chief Swan gets home, so you don't have to tell him about the Biology incident.† He grinned at me. â€Å"I'm sure he's already heard. There are no secrets in Forks.† I sighed. He laughed, and there was an edge to his laughter. â€Å"Have fun at the beach†¦ good weather for sunbathing.† He glanced out at the sheeting rain. â€Å"Won't I see you tomorrow?† â€Å"No. Emmett and I are starting the weekend early.† â€Å"What are you going to do?† A friend could ask that, right? I hoped the disappointment wasn't too apparent in my voice. â€Å"We're going to be hiking in the Goat Rocks Wilderness, just south of Rainier.† I remembered Charlie had said the Cullens went camping frequently. â€Å"Oh, well, have fun.† I tried to sound enthusiastic. I don't think I fooled him, though. A smile was playing around the edges of his lips. â€Å"Will you do something for me this weekend?† He turned to look me straight in the face, utilizing the full power of his burning gold eyes. I nodded helplessly. â€Å"Don't be offended, but you seem to be one of those people who just attract accidents like a magnet. So†¦ try not to fall into the ocean or get run over or anything, all right?† He smiled crookedly. The helplessness had faded as he spoke. I glared at him. â€Å"I'll see what I can do,† I snapped as I jumped out into the rain. I slammed the door behind me with excessive force. He was still smiling as he drove away.

Topic should be something involving macroeconomics Essay

Topic should be something involving macroeconomics - Essay Example (2). 2. Growth of the Indian Economy From a pre-independence average growth of 0.9 % in the Indian economy in the first fifty years of the twentieth century, the Indian economy started to demonstrate accelerated growth in the last decade of the twentieth century, with the economic growth touching six percent. The new millennium witnessed even higher GDP growth rate at an average of 6.9% in the seven year period 2000-2001 to 2006-2007. The acceleration in the economic growth becomes even more evident in from the growth in GDP between in the four years of 2003 to 2004 till 2006-2007., where the average growth in GDP stands at 8.6%, which grew in 2005 to 2006 higher at nine percent and even higher to 9.6% in the year 2006-2007. (3). In 2006-2007 the high growth rate was maintained at 8.7%, though dropping from the high of the previous years. In 2008-2009 the real growth in GDP is estimated to remain high ranging between 8% and 8.5%. (4). Two features stand out in this acceleration in gr owth of the Indian economy. The first is that there has been a significant moderation in the volatility, with particular reference to the in industries and services sector. The second is the main driving force behind the accelerated growth has been domestic consumption, which is estimated to almost two-thirds of the total demand. (3). The strong economic activity in the last decade has received support from the strong financials of gross domestic investment and domestic savings rate. The gross domestic investment, which was 24.3% of GDP in 2000-2001 rose to 33.8% in 2005-2006. The domestic savings rates also rose from 23.7% in 2000-2001 to 32.4% in 2005-2006. Domestic savings was a critical factor in the gross domestic investment contributing about ninety percent of it. (3). In the 1990s India opened out its international trade policy, initiating reforms to create a new market oriented environment. The structural adjustments and the economic reforms that resulted from these initiati ves were to have a strong impact on the Indian economy, particularly with regard to the positive flow of foreign direct investments (FDI). (3). Table -1 shows the year wise FDI inflow into India. Table -1 FDI Inflow into India 1992-1993 to 2008-2009 Year FDI in US $ Million 1992-1993 193 1993-1994 654 1994-1995 1,374 1995-1996 2.141 1996-1997 2,770 1997-1998 3,682 1998-1999 3,083 1999-2000 2,439 2000-2001 2,908 2001-2002 4,222 2003-2004 3,134 2005-2006 2,634 2006-2007 3,754 2007-2008 1,270 2008-2009 1,447 (5). India has demonstrated better fiscal management in the new millennium that has caused a clear drop in the fiscal deficit of the Central Government and the State Governments. In 2000-2001 the fiscal deficit was 9.5%, which diminished to 6.4% by 2006-2007. (3). However, this rosy picture on the fiscal front has changed since the economic recession, which has forced the government to take money spending initiatives to stimulate growth in the economy, besides the political compuls ions of an election year. The forecast of the Central Government on the fiscal deficit for the year 2008-2009 is 6% of GDP. This is well above the targeted fiscal of 2.5% for the year 2008-2009 and is a cause for concern on the health of the Indian economy. (6). The growth of the Indian e

Sociology of Families Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sociology of Families - Annotated Bibliography Example The author’s use event history models based on dependent and independent variables to understand influences of race and ethnicity. Conclusion: The authors found that children born to cohabiting versus married parents have over five times the risk of experiencing their parents’ separation. The difference in union stability is highest for White children, as compared with Black or Mexican American children. For White children, other factors such as differences in parents’ education levels, paternal substance abuse, and prior marriage or children report higher instability than by those born to cohabiting parents, while differences in union stability are not fully rationalized among Black and Mexican American children. The results of study are important for public policies intended to promote family stability and reducing inequality. The authors study the racial differences in educational outcomes such as college attendance as a result of the differences found in family structures and socioeconomic status across an array of racial and ethnic groups. The authors ponder upon the question of how racial background matters in an educational context. Charlesa, C. Z., Roscignob, V. J., & Torresa, K. C. (2007). Racial inequality and college attendance: The mediating role of parental investments. The authors study the racial differences in educational outcomes such as college attendance as a result of the differences found in family structures and socioeconomic status across an array of racial and ethnic groups. The authors ponder upon the question of how racial background matters in an educational context. Research Methodology: Upon literature review of prior research on family stratification, parental investments, racial disparities in wealth concentration, the authors set a hypothesis that group differences in college attendance emanate largely from economic stratification at family level. After setting the hypothesis, the authors draw analysis from four waves data of National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS) to understand how parents make economic, social and cultural investments during early and later high school experience. The longitudinal data of 13,699 adolescents is analyzed, by first examining the racial differences in family background and the extent to whic h they pattern gaps in potentially influential parental investments and then by creating investment models. Conclusion: The results of their analysis proves author’s hypothesis that racial inequalities in class background shape disparities in cultural, monetary, and parental interactional investments. Background inequalities, and their implications for early and later family investments and achievement/attainment, explain why minority-group parents are less likely to discuss college plans or be more involved in planning their child’s future. Also, most investment differences are driven by family’s socioeconomic status and structure. Published Article #3: Fomby, P., & Cherlin, A. J. (2007). Family Instability and Child Well-Being . American Sociological Review , 72 (2), 181-204. Purpose of Research: The authors aim to study children’s behavioral and cognitive development in the context of family history such as multiple transitions in family structure and

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Case study - Essay Example The third success is linked to how Mattel as a corporation has managed to devise 150 different dolls, which come along with the doll’s 120 new outfits. The fourth success is as a result of Barbie’s reinvention and trendiness. She changes according to the current fashion taking into consideration the hairstyles and outfits. Her reinvention comes in terms of taking up different roles in life, and the roles are further exemplified by different accessories, which go along with Barbie. The last success originates from the fact that Mattel Corporation has embedded technology in Barbie. Technology embraced in Barbie is through a play set, a computer animated video, Barbie movies, dancing princesses and a Barbie with motion-sensor bracelet and shoe clip (Goldenberg & Mazursky, 2002). Mattel as a Corporation has been innovative; Barbie is a product whose life cycle has been extended greatly ever since its creation in the year 1959. Barbie’s first introduction to the market was unique in that this doll took the form of an adult; this was different from many other existing dolls, which were babies. Over the years, innovation has taken centre stage, which has ensured that Barbie becomes a wanted product in the market. The product’s life cycle has been extended since Mattel considers Barbie as being more than a toy or a doll, actually according to Mattel; Barbie is a lifestyle and a fashion statement. The innovation has continued in terms of making Barbie take up the current fashion and different roles in life. Through the above, Barbie’s life cycle has been extended since it has been relevant to the current times. For instance, Mattel has innovated to the extent of making Barbie trendy with different hairstyles and outfits, which makes it admire d and desired. Furthermore, Mattel has innovated by making Barbie a role model through giving her different looks, which represent different professions in life, this has ultimately extended the life cycle of

Why Illegal immigration is good for the US Economy Essay

Why Illegal immigration is good for the US Economy - Essay Example This is the common wisdom regarding â€Å"illegals.† Everybody knows this. Everybody is wrong. Illegal immigrants actually commit fewer crimes than citizens because they will be deported for even the slightest infraction. The sacrifice to get here was too high to risk that. Regarding taking jobs from Americans, I often tell people that if an uneducated person who cannot speak the language, has no support system, no money, own only the clothes on their back and cannot possibly assimilate into society can take your job, it’s your fault. The main concern is the billions of dollars spent every year due to illegal immigration, money the U.S. just cannot afford due to the high National Debt and stagnant economy. They are like a colony of ants pouring over the border to invade our picnic. Unfortunately for legal and illegal citizens, the common wisdom on this subject lacks an appreciation of the real economic impact, a complex issue which should be more broadly understood before spending money we don’t have to fix a problem that does not exist. Because more students in the U.S. are graduating high school than in years past, workers with low levels of schooling are progressively difficult to find. These workers are an essential element of the economy. They harvest crops, build homes, clean offices, prepare food and are willing to take monotonous factory jobs. â€Å"Because of their low education levels, illegal immigrants don’t compete against skilled natives in the labor market.† (Zavodny, 2007) In 1960 only about half of U.S. citizens graduated high school. Today that percentage has dropped dramatically to 12 percent. Illegal immigrants provide the economy with employees who are in inadequate supply. Opponents of illegal immigration claim that a flood of â€Å"illegals† hurt the economy by lowering overall wages of citizens and increase expenses for public services such as education and health

Information & Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Information & Operations Management - Essay Example Thus, sustainability is concerned with the management of the total business impact of an organization on its stakeholders, the society which it operates and its surrounding environment. The main issue that this paper tends to look at is why the organization in question adopts either an economic, environmental or social sustainability. From the report, there are five drivers that lead to the initiative of sustainability for the organization. They include reduction on costs, protecting and enhancing the reputation of the organization, pressure from the stakeholders, government regulation and commitment of the top executives. The organization in question is Ford of Britain which is a subsidiary of ford motor company. It operates in three manufacturing sites in United Kingdom. It is one of UK’s best car sellers for thirty four years and commercial vehicle brand for forty five years. The sustainability initiative in place for this organization is the environmental sustainability. This would ensure that the organization is able to ensure that the environmental surrounding of the individuals living near their manufacturing industries or their consumers is taken into consideration. This reduces the instance of environmental pollution reducing the ailments that might result from environmental pollution. This pillar involves the organization providing safe and efficient transport services in terms of the environmental contribution. This is considering that the organization is a car manufacturer thus they have to incorporate the use of environmental appropriate fuels that prevent the vehicles form emitting fumes that could endanger the respiratory system of their customers. The organization would go a long way in reducing the carbon footprint. The sustainability requirements that their customers pose to them by their customers should

Combating Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Combating Terrorism - Essay Example It was necessary to make arrangements for refueling of aircrafts in Kenya (Taillon, 2002). It also had to coordinate with the French government in order to be able to acquire information from one of the released hostages who was a French national. This would not be possible without the agreement of the French in spite of the former hostage also being of Jewish decent (Taillon, 2002). The Israeli government also had to coordinate with the United States military that provided satellite images of the area. During the operation the Israeli government also had to work with the Kenyan government in order to allow Israeli planes to land safely in Nairobi and to have planes that carried reserve fuel to be land at Mombasa (Taillon, 2002). Coordination with the British was also necessary in to ensure that the rescue plane landed at Entebbe just after British cargo planes. After the successful operation it was still necessary for coordination in order for the rescued hostages to land in Nairobi and to be treated their. The Kenyan government provided medical services and food for the released hostages (Taillon, 2002). According to Shoran, the rescue mission proved that terrorism could be countered effectively and it was an endeavor worth cooperating for (BBC NEWS, 1976). The irately operation however had repercussions some of which were serious to those affected. One of the things that happened afterwards was, Iddi Amin, the then president of Uganda having suspected that Kenya colluded with Israel during the planning of the raid sort to hit back (BBC NEWS, 1976). The humiliated president ordered the massacre of hundreds of Kenyans who had been living in Uganda. Another quite obvious repercussion was the loss of lives of some of the Jewish people. First of all, some of the hostages died during the operation. Second, Netanyahu an army officer and other soldiers also lost their lives (Jewish Virtual Library, 2003a). Another repercussion of the operation was the breaking down of diplomatic ties with Uganda who felt that by having the Israeli army, a foreign force land in their country without authorization; it was an undermining of the sovereignty of the nation of Uganda. The Ugandans even expressed their displeasure by taking the matter to the United Nations Security Council (BBC NEWS, 1976). The operation also caused a reaction from Israeli enemies who vowed to attack Israel even with more zeal (BBC NEWS, 1976). The standards for counter terrorism operations do not apply in the same manner for Israel as they do for other nations. This is because of Israelis geographical location which puts it in constant danger of terrorist attack. Israel is surrounded by hostile Arab neighbors who are a threat to the existence of Israel. The Middle East war also makes the standards different as the frequency of attack in Israel is very high (Jewish Virtual Library, 2003b). Another factor that contributes to the difference is the history of the Jewish people who have experienced conflict throughout with such events as the holocaust. As the Jewish people have many enemies who are also very close to them, they have to be proactive in counter terrorism and have to act on many threats. The Israeli nation can easily be reached by rockets

Cause of action assignment Essay Example for Free

Cause of action assignment Essay Task A (1) ‘Duty of care’ means to exercise a degree of attention and caution to avoid negligence which would lead to harm. Duty of care in a childcare setting is keeping children and young people safe, protecting them not only from physical harm but also emotional and sexual harm. Working with children and young people need a significant amount of duty of care, the younger and more vulnerable the child the greater the duty of care because of a child’s limited ability to care for themselves. Good vigilance is needed to keep a child safe, for example to foresee and cope with potential dangers. This extends to respecting the rights, cultural beliefs and values of the parents and family. (2) Duty of care contributes to the safeguarding and protection aspects of a setting. An example would be carrying out risk assessments to prevent potential hazards which would then reduce the risk of harm to the children. A further example would be setting clear boundaries/ expectations by communicating with the children what is unacceptable behaviour. Consistent reinforcement of this may be necessary to discourage the children from repeating hazardous behaviour that could cause harm to themselves or others. Understanding of the signs of neglect/abuse if any signs/indicators of abuse or neglect were noticed they should be reported to the relevant third parties to protect the child. Making observations and assessing children help to check to see if individual children are progressing and developing at suitable rates, if not so then I would need to take relevant action with other parties such as parents or professionals Task B Example of potential conflict orDilemma | How to manage the risk| Where to get additional support| Risk taking – such as a child accidently slipping of a step of a climbing frame and the child’s parents asking for that equipment to be put away, this would conflict with all children’s opportunity to develop and learn | The risk would be managed by explaining that in order for children to learn to cope with risky situationsand acquire life and physical skills these small risks must be taken, in asafe environment. Also by filling ina risk assessment to minimize any risk | People such as my room supervisor, Manager or Ofsted, the EYFS may also be helpful | Confidentiality- such as if there was concerns we had about abuse of achild, in order to safeguard it mayoverride the families right to privacy .| It would be managed by only sharing the information with appropriateprofessionals to protect the right to privacy | I would share the information with Only my room supervisor/managerFor advice on what steps to take and Refer to the polices and procedures On safeguarding | Weather disturbance- such as it’s wet and cold outside but the children wantto have their outside play| Make sure a full risk assessment is completed (including all wet/slippy equipment is wiped down and large puddles are brushed away), all children have suitable clothing and shorten the length of time they’re outside for| Refer to the EYFS that states childrenShould have outside play and also Discuss wi th colleges | Task C The main points of a complaints procedure include ensuring complaints are handled in a way that protects the rights of individuals involved. Issues or concerns are encouraged to be resolved verbally as they arise. If a concern cannot be resolved immediately the person raising the concern should ask to speak with a manager, and a meeting can be arranged at a certain place and time. If satisfactory resolution still can’t be found, a written formal complaint can be raised. If the manager feels that the situation is a child protection allegation, they should inform the designated child protection officer. If any individual involved in the complaint has reason to believe a criminal offense has been committed then they will contact the police.

Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay

Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay Among the muscle undergoing adaptive shortening, hamstring is the one commonly going for adaptive shortening. The hamstring comprises of three large muscles namely semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and bicep femoris which arises from the tuberosity of ischium. They are present over the posterior compartment of the thigh and span the hip and knee joints. Hence they are the extensors of the hip and flexors of the knee. Hamstring tightness is common in normal individual because of immobilization of a tissue in a shortened position results in adaptive shortening. As the muscle shortens, its elasticity of the normal tissue was decreased and a change in the length tension relationship of the muscle, loss of flexibility also occurs. Hamstring tightness could make the musculo tendinous unit more susceptible to injury, increase resistance to various anatomical structures, which may lead to overuse syndrome. Tightness could also leads to pathological conditions at the joint on which the muscle acts, especially on a muscle like hamstring which passes over the two joints. Muscle tightness has a significant impact on neuromuscular control. Muscle tightness affects the normal length tension relationships. When one muscle in a force couple becomes tight or hypertonic, it alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved joint. This affects the synergistic function of the entire kinetic chain, leading to abnormal stress, soft tissue dysfunction, neural compromise and vascular/lymphatic stasis. Muscle tightness also cause reciprocal inhibition. Increased muscle spindle activity in a specific muscle will cause decreased neural drive to that muscles functional antagonist. This alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved segment. Flexibility has been defined as the ability of a muscle to lengthen and allow one joint (or more than one joint in a series) to move through a range of motion. Anderson and Burke defined Flexibility as the range of motion available in a joint or a group of joint that is influenced by muscles, ligaments and bones. Loss of flexibility means decreased ability of a muscle to deform. Loss of flexibility may lead to decrease in lumbar lordosis, reduction of muscle strength and quadriceps dysfunction during gait, lumbar pelvic rhythm was disturbed, anterior pelvic tilt was restricted, lumbar motion was increased. Excessive mobility of lumbar spine leads to overstretching of lumbar ligaments and consequently pain and instability. (Levangie and Norkin, 2001) Loss of flexibility can also cause pain arising from muscle, connective tissue or periosteum. (Hardy, 1989; Tillmann and Cummings, 1992) With regard to important role of hamstring flexibility restoration of its normal length is necessary. Muscle tissue length is thought to play an important role in efficiency and effectiveness of human movement. Benefits of flexibility is to enhance the range of motion, improved body position, potential relief of aches and pain, protection against low back pain and injuries, reduction of post exercise muscle soreness, and promotes relaxation. Hamstring tightness can be measured using the (1) Active unilateral straight leg raise test, (2) Passive unilateral straight leg raise test, (3) Sit and reach test, (4)Active knee extension test. Straight leg raise test are widely used as a neurologic tests, hence they do not give valid measures of hamstring tightness because of pelvic rotation that occurs during the test. Active knee extension test is the reliable test. Continuous ultrasound therapy increases tendon length by changing their viscosity and plasticity (Ziskin et al, 1986). Skeletal muscles have a higher rate of absorption of ultrasound waves when compared to fatty tissue. (Dyson, 1987; Low and Reed, 1990). Elevation of collagen tissue temperature affects on mechanical and physical characteristics of tissues and facilitates deformation of the collagen. As pain and discomfort was reduced during stretching and collagen fiber ability to tolerate greater forces was increased. Ultrasound increases soft tissue extensibility and may be an effective adjunct in the treatment of knee contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening (Folconer et al, 1992). Static stretching allow the muscle spindle to accommodate, reduces their firing rate; hence static stretch is effective in increasing the length of muscle. (Gordon and Ghez, 1991). Longer hold times during stretching of the hamstring muscles resulted in a greater rate of gains in range of motion (Feland et al, 2001). Stretch duration lower than 30 seconds did not increase muscle flexibility (Beaulien, 1981). Static stretch of 30 seconds is sufficient to increases the hamstring muscle length. Combination of ultrasound therapy with 30 seconds stretch is more effective than ultrasound therapy with 15 seconds stretch in increasing hamstring flexibility (A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein, and R.Nazok 2006). Muscle energy techniques (MET) are manually applied stretching techniques that use principles of neurophysiology to relax overactive muscle and stretch chronically shortened muscles. Muscle energy techniques (MET) have the ability to relax overactive muscles or stretch tight muscles and their associated fascial components when connective tissue or viscoelastic changes have occurred. When using Muscle energy techniques (MET), it is important to relax/inhibit the neuromuscular component before attempting to stretch the involved musculature. Two fundamental neurophysiologic principles account for the neuromuscular inhibition. The first principle of Muscle energy techniques (MET) is post contraction inhibition / autogenic inhibition / post isometric relaxation. The second principle is reciprocal inhibition. Muscle energy technique produced an immediate increase in passive knee extension in individuals with hamstring tightness (Ballantyne 2003). Muscle energy technique is significantly improving the hamstring flexibility in collegiate males (Wassim .M et al 2009). 1.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY: Continuous ultrasound therapy, static stretching, muscle energy technique (MET) are significant in improving hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. These methods of treatment are well accepted and practised by various researchers according to previous literature, but there was no study to compare the effect of muscle energy technique ( MET) and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. So the purpose of this study is to analyse the efficacy of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.2 AIMS: To find out the effect of muscle energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.3 OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of muscle energy technique in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. To study the effect of ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. To compare the effect of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.4 KEYWORDS: Hamstring flexibility, Muscle energy technique, Ultrasound therapy with static stretching, Active knee extension test. 1.5 HYPOTHESIS 1.5.1 NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant effect of muscle energy technique in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is no significant effect of ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is no significant difference between the effect of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.5.2 ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS There is a significant effect of muscle energy technique in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is a significant effect of ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is a significant difference between the effect of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. II.REVIEW OF LITERATURE HAMSTRING TIGHTNESS: Worrel et al (2003) Stated that hamstring injuries in athletes is mainly due to the lack of hamstring flexibility. Kishner and Colby et al (2002) Stated that adequate mobility of soft tissues and joints is thought to be an important factor in prevention of injury (or) reinjury to soft tissues. Donald E Hartig et al (1999) Stated that increase in hamstring flexibility decreases overuse injuries in lower extremities. Sarhmann.S et al (1997) Stated that muscle tightness and hypertonicity has a significant impact on the neuromuscular control. Muscle tightness affects the normal length tension relationship. Bullock-Saxton.J, Lewit.K et al (1997, 1984) Stated that muscle tightness alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved joint. This affects the synergistic function leading to abnormal joint stress, soft tissue dysfunction, neural compromise and vascular or lymphatic stasis. Ronald F, Zernickle et al (1996) Stated that extracting flexibility changes related with structural and physiological changes influence the level of physical activity. Zachazewski et al (1989) Stated that loss of flexibility of hamstring may lead to decrease in lumbar lordosis, reduction of muscle strength and quadriceps dysfunction during gait. Cummings, GS, Crutchfeld, CA, Barnes et al (1983) Stated that tightness is referred to mild shortening of a healthy musculo tendinous unit otherwise referred to as a mild transient contracture. A muscle that is tight can be lengthened to all but the outer limits of its range. Normal individual who do not regularly participate in a flexibility program can develop mild myostatic contractures or tightness, particularly in two joint muscles such as hamstrings, rectus femoris or gastronemius. Fox E.L et al (1979) Stated that flexibility enhances movement by improving body awareness with greater ease and dexterity. Lawrence Gold et al Stated that the hamstrings are the muscles that run from behind and below the knees up to the back of the thigh till the sitbones. Soft tissue injuries, knee pain, torn menisci, chondromalacia patella and poor posture often come from tight hamstrings. Tight hamstrings can prevent the individual from reaching full extension or from bending over completely. ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC STRETCHING Shadmer.A, Astaneh.H.N, et al (2010) Conducted a study to analyse the effect of two different modes (Continuous versus Pulsed) in decreasing the shortening of hamstrings. Thirty non impaired men aged 20 to 30 years were included. Ultrasound was applied over short hamstrings. Hamstring flexibility was measured by passive knee extension test. Continuous ultrasound of 2W/Cm ², 1MHZ, five minutes and Pulsed ultrasound of 200 µs burst of 1MHZ, 0.5W/Cm ², five minutes was used. They concluded that the heating effects of continuous ultrasound may be more effective than non thermal properties of pulsed ultrasound for increasing the flexibility of shortened hamstrings. Meroni, Roberto, Cerri, Cesare Giuseppe, Lanzarini, Carlo, Barindelli, Guido, Morte, Giancesare Della, Gessaga, Viviana, Cesana, Gian Carlo, DeVito, Giovanni et al (2010) Stated that the gain in flexibility was maintained for a period of 4 weeks after the cessation of training. This improvement was more significantly noticed in active stretching group by using active knee extension test than the passive stretching group. Buker N., Aslan E., Kitis A., Carluk U et al (2008) Stated that the superficial (or) deep heat applications before static stretching exercises shows positive effects to increasing flexibility of hamstring muscles. Nichole Lee Lounsberry et al (2008) Stated that the ultrasound treatment produced greater immediate gains in hamstring extensibility than moist heat packs treatment. A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein and R.Nazok et al (2006) Stated that the gains in range of passive knee extension obtained in continuous therapeutic ultrasound and 30 seconds stretch group were significantly greater than therapeutic ultrasound and 15 seconds stretch group in subjects with tight hamstrings. Denegar C, Saliba E, et al (2006) Stated that 3 MHZ ultrasound provides superficial heating, 1MHZ ultrasound heats tissue at depth of 3-5 cms and is considered to be a deep heating agent. Odunaiya N.A, Hamzat T.K, Ajayi O et al (2004) Stated that statically stretching tight hamstrings for any duration between 15 and 120 seconds on alternate days for six weeks would significantly increase its flexibility. The effect was also sustained for upto 7 days post intervention. Trae Sakiyo Tashiro et al (2003) Stated that the clinically practical parameters of thermal ultrasound in conjunction with static stretching is an effective way of increasing hamstring extensibility but ultrasound application location didnt showed difference in increasing knee extension range of motion in a healthy population. C.D.Weijer et al (2003) Stated that the static stretching is one of the safest and most commonly performed stretching methods used to measure muscle length. Feland et al (2001) Reported that longer hold times during stretching of the hamstring muscles resulted in a greater rate of gain in range of motion. Prentice WE, McClure M, Becker RO et al (2001) Stated that when slow stretch applied to muscle, golgi tendon organ get stimulated and thereby muscle tension is reduced. This leads is to an increase in length of muscle. Robert and Wilson et al (1999) Stated that static stretching increases muscle length by allowing muscle spindle to adapt overtime and cease fired. It also elicits golgi tendon response and therefore provides an effective flexibility training stimulus. William D Bandy et al (1996) Stated that a static stretch of 30 seconds at a frequency of single session is sufficient to increase the muscle length. Bandy WD, Irion JM et al (1995) Stated that the duration of 30 seconds of stretching is an effective time of enhancing the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Bandy WD, Irion JM et al , Lentell G, Hetherington T et al, Madding SW et al (1994 ) Stated that Static stretching is a method of stretching in which the muscles and connective tissue being stretched are held in a stationary position at their greatest possible length for some period. When using static stretching on a clinical basis, stretches should be held a minimum of 15 to 30 seconds. Chan et al (1993) Stated that tendon reaches greater temperature and heat more quickly than muscle and the tendon was able to maintain vigorous heating for longer period than muscle. Draper D, Sunderland S, Kirkendall et al (1993) Stated that tendon tissue is less vascularized than muscle tissue; tendons will retain heat for longer periods of time. Folconer et al (1992) Stated that ultrasound increases soft tissue extensibility and may be an effective adjunct in the treatment of knee contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening. Gordon and Ghez et al (1991) Stated that static stretching may be effective in increasing the length of muscle due to the prolonged stretching which allows the muscle spindle to adapt over time and cease firing. Low and Reed et al (1990) , Dyson et al (1987) Stated that low absorption of ultrasound waves is seen in tissues that are in water content (eg.,fat), whereas absorption is higher in tissues rich in protein (e.g., skeletal muscle). Warren C, Lehman J, Koblanski J, Strickler T, Malone T, Masock A, Garrett W et al (1990) Stated that ultrasound therapy can be used to target the collagen rich tendinous unit of the hamstring muscle because of its ability to penetrate deeper tissues, and shown that increasing the temperature of collagen to 40 ° Celsius will increase the elasticity of the tissue. This increased extensibility allows for an even distribution of force and reduces the stress on localized areas of the tissue. Gajdosik RL , Godges JJ et al (1989) Stated that a low intensity maintained stretch that is applied gradually is less likely to facilitate the stretch reflex and increase tension in the muscle being lengthened. This is called static stretch. Ziskin et al (1986) Stated that an increasing in tendon length following continuous ultrasound therapy is due to change of their viscosity and plasticity. Beaulien et al (1981) Stated that stretch duration lower than 30 seconds didnt increase muscle flexibility. Coakley et al (1978) Stated that frequency of 1MHZ ultrasound used for patients with more subcutaneous fat who sustained injuries at deeper level because of its penetration to a depth of 3 to 5 cms. Lehman et al (1968) Emphasized on the thermal effects of continuous ultrasound compared to other heating modalities in increasing hamstring flexibility. De Vries HA et al (1962) Stated that static stretching offers advantages of using less overall force, decreasing the danger of exceeding the tissue extensibility limits, lower energy requirement, and a lower likelihood of muscle soreness. Static stretching also has less effect on the Ia and II spindle afferent fibres than ballistic stretching, which would tend to increase a muscles resistance to stretch and facilitate golgi tendon organ, thereby reducing the contractile elements resistance to deformation. MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE: Ahmad Faheem, Ahmad Shamin, Anjani Agarwal, Begum Shabana, Ram C.S, Waseem Mohd et al (2010) Conducted a study in Indian collegiate males on hamstring flexibility by comparing the effectiveness of muscle energy technique and eccentric training. Total of twenty males with hamstring tightness falling between age group of 18-25 years were included in the study. Hamstring tightness was measured by popliteal angle/active knee extension test. One group was treated with muscle energy technique and the other with eccentric training. This study stated that hamstring flexibility can be improved with muscle energy technique using post isometric relaxation than eccentric training. Wassim M et al (2009) Reported that muscle energy technique using post isometric relaxation significantly improving the hamstring flexibility (by active knee extension test) in normal Indian collegiate males with hamstring tightness. Azadeh Shadmehr, Mohmmed Reza Hadian, Sedigheh Sadet Naiemi, Shohreh Jalaie et al (2009) Concluded that the hamstring stretches in normal young women using either static stretch or muscle energy technique had similar effects on restoring flexibility to hamstrings. Madeline Smith, Gary Fryer et al (2008) Stated that the muscle energy technique is effective in increasing hamstring extensibility, and there appeared to be sustained improvement one week following the initial treatment. Ross A, Clark et al (2008) Stated that muscle energy technique can produces creep and plastic changes in the connective tissue thereby the length of the muscle can be increased. Lindsey Samilian et al (2007) Stated that muscle energy technique is a method used to strengthen weak muscles, lengthen the short muscles (or) increase a muscles range of motion. These techniques involve stretch during which a reciprocal force is imposed on the targeted muscle for short period of time, causing the muscle to relax and stretch further. Ballantyne F, Fryer G, MC.Laughlin P et al (2003) Conducted a study to find the effectiveness of muscle energy technique in increasing passive knee extension and to explore the mechanism behind any observed change. Forty asymptomatic subjects between age of 18 to 45 years were randomly allocated to experimental and control group. Experimental group was given with muscle energy technique and Control group with no treatment. They concluded that muscle energy technique produced an immediate increase in passive knee extension. This observed change is due to an increased tolerance to stretch. Chaitlow L, Liebenson C et al (2001) The other name for Muscle energy technique is active muscular relaxation technique. Freyer G et al (2000), Richard L, Gajodsik, Melonie A, Rieck and Debra K et al (1993) Stated that an increase in flexibility after muscle energy technique occurred due to biomechanical or neurophysiologic changes or due to an increase in tolerance to stretching. Lewit et al (1999) Concluded that post isometric relaxation is directed towards relaxation of hypertonic muscle, especially if this relates to reflex contraction or the involvement of myofascial trigger points. Lewit, Libenson, Murphy et al (1999) Stated that post isometric relaxation is an excellent technique for treating neuromuscular component muscle of a stiff, shortened or tight muscle. Lewit et al (1999), Greenman et al (1989) Suggested that in muscle energy technique, the holding time of 7-10 seconds is more effective than 3-5 seconds. Kuchera et al (1997) Stated that increase in range of motion of a joint after Muscle energy technique is based on neurological mechanism via inhibitory golgi tendon reflex. Muscle energy technique activates this reflex during isometric muscle contraction. Muscle energy technique produces a stretch on golgi tendon organ and a reflex relaxation of muscle. Goodridge and Kuchera et al (1997) Suggested that 3 repetitions of isometric contractions is optimal in applying muscle energy technique. Lederman et al (1997) Stated that a viscoelastic change in muscle is responsible for the increase in muscle flexibility after muscle energy technique. Chaitlow L et al (1997) Stated that the isometric contraction should be held for 10 seconds. This is the time required to stimulate the excitatory threshold of the golgi tendon organ, which has a neurophysiologic inhibitory effect on the muscle spindle. This provides the opportunity to take the muscle into a new range of motion. Following the isometric contraction, there is a latency period of approximately 25 to 30 seconds, during which the muscle can be stretched. Philip Greenman et al (1996) Stated that manual medicine treatment procedure includes Muscle energy technique which involves the contraction of the subjects muscle by the voluntary effort in a precisely controlled direction, at different levels of intensity, against a counterforce applied by the operator. This procedure can be used to lengthen a shortened, contracted or spastic muscle; to strengthen a physiologically weakened muscle; to reduce localized oedema, to mobilize an articulation with restricted mobility. Ward, Robert C et al (1990) Stated that muscle energy technique is an active, direct technique (engaging the barrier) that promotes muscle relaxation by activating the golgi tendon reflex. Libenson et al (1989) Stated that muscle energy technique is effective in treating the muscle tension disorder and it effectively relaxes stretches, strengthens the muscles and re-educate abnormal sensory motor pathway. Lewit et al (1986) Stated that when a muscle is isometrically contracted its antagonist will be inhibited and reduce tone immediately. Stiles and Greenman et al (1984) Suggested that muscles which requires stretching (agonist) should be the main source of energy for isometric contractions and achieves a more significant degrees of relaxation and so a more useful ability to subsequently stretch the muscle were the relaxation effect being achieved through use of antagonist (using reciprocal inhibition). ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION TEST: C.M. Norris et al (2005) Stated that active knee extension test when used in conjunction with goniometry, accurate surface making, and manual monitoring of the test leg is a reliable measure of hamstring muscle length. M.Mathews et al (2005) Stated that active knee extension represents maximum length of hamstring muscles. Denise M. Cameron, Richard W. Bohannon et al (1985) Stated that active knee extension test is said to be a useful alternative to the straight leg raise test for providing an indication of hamstring muscle length. Gajdosik R.L et al (1983) Stated that active knee extension test is a more objective measure of hamstring tightness which produces high reliability co-efficient. III. METHODOLOGY 3.1 STUDY DESIGN: Pre test and post test experimental group study design. 3.2 STUDY SETTING: Study will be conducted at Physiotherapy Out Patient Department, KG College of Physiotherapy, Coimbatore. 3.3 STUDY DURATION: Total duration was one year. Individual received the treatment for the duration of one week. 3.4 POPULATION STUDIED: 30 normal individuals with hamstring tightness who fulfilled the predetermined inclusive and exclusive criteria were selected and divided into two experimental groups by simple random sampling method. Each group consists of 15 patients. Groups are named as group A and group B 3.5 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION 3.5.1 INCLUSIVE CRITERIA: Age between 18 to 25 years Both males and females Normal individuals with tight hamstrings (inability to achieve greater than 160 ° knee extension with hip at 90 ° flexion.) 3.5.2EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA: Low back pain Acute or chronic. Hamstring injury Acute or chronic. Soft tissue injuries around knee. Pregnancy. Metal implants in lower extremity. Recent fracture and stiffness in lower extremity. 3.6 VARIABLES: 3.6.1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Muscle energy technique. Ultrasound therapy with Static stretching. 3.6.2 DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Hamstring flexibility. 3.7 PARAMETERS: Hamstring flexibility 3.8 MEASUREMENT TOOLS: Active knee extension test. Active knee extension test was used for measurement of hamstring tightness. The subject was instructed to lie on their back with hip and knees bent 90 degrees. Pelvic movement was controlled by the use of straps. By using the lateral condyle of femur as the goniometric axis, the stationary arm positioned along the femur, and the movable arm was positioned parallel to the leg. Keep hip and knee in 90 degrees then instruct the subject to straighten the knee as for as possible till a sensation of stretch being felt. Repeat the same for three times and mean were measured as the final result. 3.9 PROCEDURE: GROUP A: MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE. TECHNIQUE USED: Post isometric relaxation. INDIVIDUALS POSITION: Supine lying. PROCEDURE: Ask the individuals to assume supine position. Therapist flexes the affected hip fully and then extends the flexed knee with the back of lower leg resting on the shoulder of the therapist who stands facing the head of the table. Individual is asked to flex i.e. causing downward pressure against the therapist shoulder with the back of lower leg at the same time therapist resist the individuals voluntary effort so that, slight isometric contraction of hamstrings develops and individuals hold this for 10 seconds. After this effort, the individual is asked to exhale and relax the muscle completely. Then the therapist takes the muscle to its new restriction barrier without stretch. Starting from this new barrier, the same procedure is repeated two or three more times. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a day. TREATMENT DURATION: One week. GROUP B: ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC STRETCHING: ULTRASOUND THERAPY: INDIVIDUALS POSITION: Prone lying PARAMETERS: FREQUENCY: 1 MHz INTENSITY: 2W/cm ² MODE: Continuous. AREA OF APPLICATION: Hamstring area DURATION: Five Minutes daily (Two minutes for medial hamstrings, Two minutes for lateral hamstrings and One min for between the two tendon). FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a day TREATMENT DURATION: One week STATIC STRETCHING: TECHNIQUE USED: Active static stretching. INDIVIDUALS POSITION: Standing position. PROCEDURE: Subjects performed the hamstring stretch by standing erect with the foot planted on the floor and toes pointed forward. The heel of the foot to be stretched was placed on a plinth with the toes directed towards the ceiling. The subject then flexed forward at the hip, maintaining the spine in neutral position while reaching the arm forward. The subjects continued to flex the hip until a gentle stretch was felt in the posterior thigh. Then hold this position for 30 seconds and then relax for 10 seconds and repeat the same procedure for three more times a day. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a day. TREATMENT DURATION: One week 3.10 STATISTICAL TOOLS The following statistical tools used in this study is Paired t-test and Unpaired t-test Formula: Paired t-test = Where, = difference between the pre test versus post test = mean difference = total number of subjects = standard deviation Unpaired t-test was used to compare the mean difference between Group A and Group B. Formula: Unpaired t-test Where, = Mean of Group A = Mean of Group B Æ’Â ¥ = sum of the value n1 = number of subjects in Group A n1 = number of subjects in Group B S = standard deviation Level of significance: 5% IV.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION TABLE-1 PAIRED t TEST PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A GROUP A MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION The comparative mean values, mean differences, standard deviation and Paired t test values of Group A , who were treated with Muscle energy Technique. S.NO GROUP A MEAN MEAN DEVIATION

Experimental Case Study On Pond Ash Replacement Engineering Essay

Experimental Case Study On Pond Ash Replacement Engineering Essay Abstract This research studies the potential of using Pond ash from Deepnagar Thermal Power Plant, Bhusawal, Dist. Jalgaon, as a part replacement with sand in plaster mortar. Pond ash is rarely used in concrete due to its inactive pozzolanic reaction may be used as a fine aggregate in mortar mix used for plastering purpose, improves the quality of plastered surface in terms of strength and durability. When pond ash was used at a 20% replacement of sand to make mortar mix, produced higher percentage compressive strength as well as a higher development rate than those of the traditional cement sand mortar mix. As a result of the compressive strengths, it was concluded that pond ash could be used as a good replacement material in mortar. It is proposed to perform some field and laboratory experiments on different mix proportions of pond ash and plaster sand and to compare the results with traditional plaster mortar. The cubical specimens were tested to determine compressive strength. The Soundn ess test is performed to know the amount of expansion after the setting time. With the help of Davel abrasion test, it is possible to relatively compare the abrasion values of the different proportions of the plaster mortar cubes. In the investigation some field and laboratory experiments on different mix proportions of pond ash and plaster sand are done and the results are compared with traditional cement-sand plaster mortar. Due to Pond Ash replacement, the initial strength gaining process is quite slow but in later stages it gains very good strength as compare to traditional mortar mixes. Workability of mortar mix is increased due to addition of pond ash, which will result in the reduced w/c ratio. Change in the volume of hardened mortar is very less due to addition of pond ash, which results less occurrence of surface cracks. Keywords- Mortar, Pond Ash, Pozzolonic. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Pond ash is the waste product from most of the thermal power plants in India. The fly ash gets mixed with bottom ash and disposed off in large pond dykes as slurry. Pond ash contains relatively coarse particles. The huge amount of pond ash accumulated around the thermal power stations is still posing threat to environment. The utilization of pond ash as a building material is one of the possible way of its sustainable management. In the present study, an attempt is made to ascertain the possibility of using the pond ash as a replacement of sand in plaster mortar. Origin of Pond Ash Pond ash is the waste product from most of thermal power plants in India. The fly ash gets mixed with bottom ash and disposed off in large pond or dykes as slurry. Pond ash contains relatively coarse particles. As Pond ash is being produced at an alarming rate, efforts are required to safely dispose it and if possible find ways of utilizing it. Necessity of Pond Ash Management It is estimated that by the end of tenth planned period an additional 124000 Mega Watt (MW) of power sector expansion will require in India to meet the raising demands of energy. So the quantum of Pond ash generation will increase in future. It has warranted the scientific as well as industrial community to initiates research and development work for finding innovative use and safe disposal of Pond ash so that instead of a waste product, the pond ash can be utilized in large quantities in various engineering works. The ash produced in thermal power plants can cause all three environmental risks air, surface water and ground water pollution. Air pollution is caused by direct emissions of toxic gases from the power plants as well as wind blown ash dust from ash ponds. The air borne dust can fall in surface water system or soil and may contaminate the water/soil system. The wet system of disposal in most power plants causes discharge of particulate of ash directly into the nearby surfa ce water system. [2] Sources of Pond Ash in India In India as coal based Thermal Power Plant has contributes to 75% to the total power generation. The coal reserves of the country is predominately of lower grade of non-cooking and as a result the quantity of ash produced will also increase. The Indian coal on an average has 35% ash and this is one of the prime factors which lead to increase ash production. Hence, ash utilization is a problem for the country. The Indian Thermal power plant uses high ash and inferior quality non-cooking coal. Present Indias Thermal installed capacity to an estimate is 1, 00,000 MW and coal consumption for Thermal power generation required is 300 million MT every year. Use of coal brings many problems, primarily due to huge amount of ash, which is produced by-product of the process of power generation. Out of total ash produced, fly ash contributes to small percentage, majority being pond ash and bottom ash. Environmental Consideration The ash produced in thermal power plants can cause all three environmental risks air, surface water and ground water pollution. Air pollution is caused by direct emissions of toxic gases from the power plants as well as wind blown ash dust from ash ponds. The air borne dust can fall in surface water system or soil and may contaminate the water/soil system. The wet system of disposal in most power plants causes discharge of particulate of ash directly into the nearby surface water system. The long storage of ash in the ponds under wet condition and humid climate can cause leaching of toxic metals from ash and contaminate the underlying soil and ultimately the ground water system. Kumar [2] 1.6 Existing Use of Pond Ash The literature available specifically on the use of pond ash is scarce. However in general the fly ash has lot of potential for its sustainable use. The use of fly ash in the construction of road and embankment has been successfully demonstrated in the country. The Ministry of Surface Transport (MOST) and Central Public Works Department (CPWD) have accepted the use of fly ash and have executed many projects. The fly ash can be utilized in cement concrete and mortar as an ingredient / partial replacement of cement and sand. The replacement of OPC may vary from 15 to 35 % or even higher percentage in mass concrete. BIS: 456 [5] The pond ash is also utilized in manufacturing of Light Weight Aerated Concrete (LWAC) products such as blocks, panels, reinforced slab, etc, which are much lighter than conventional materials. The bulk density of product ranges from 500kg/cum to 1800kg/cum, depending upon reinforcement. The use of block in housing construction can results nearly40 % reduction i n dead weight, 50 % saving in construction time and about 80 % saving in consumption of mortar in comparison to conventional brick work. The fly ash (90-95%) mixed with OPC (5-10%), along with the water make the flow able fill material termed as Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM), which can use in the restricted areas where placing and compaction is very difficult such as narrow trenches, utilities structure like mines, tunnels, tanks and trenches in road pavement cut. The use of pond ash in mine fill material is one of the possible alternatives to be considered by various agencies. The optimum utilization of pond ash through mine void filling by High Concentrated Slurry Disposal (HSDS) system may prove a plausible solution of pond ash management. The use of fly ash in agriculture applications has been well demonstrated and is gaining momentum in the agriculture sector of country. This is picking up in Karnataka, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh and for wasteland reclamation in U ttar Pradesh. [5] Overview of the Project In this investigation partial replacement of sand by pond ash in plaster mortar is attempted. It is possible to use pond ash as fine aggregate without compromising on strength and durability. This study opens up a major avenue for the utilization of pond ash. Studies are done on pond ash sample from Deep Nagar Thermal Power Plant, Bhusawal, Dist. Jalgaon. The large scale utilization of Pond Ash would be possible and this will become major contributing factor for reducing pollution. Sand, precious natural resources, is becoming scarce and quarrying of this has been restricted in many states in India, this has made to look for the possibility for partial replacement of sand by Pond ash. It is proposed to perform some field and laboratory experiments on different mix proportions of pond ash and plaster sand and to compare the results with traditional plaster mortar. The flow diagram in figure-1, shows the detail procedure. Figure 1: Overview of Experimental Programme 2. POND ASH IN PLASTER MORTAR 2.1 Proportioning of Mortar The experimental programme utilizes the ponded ash from DeepNagar Thermal Power Plant and tests were conducted in field as well as in laboratory. The mortar mixes were considered at pond ash replacement percentage of 0, 20, 25, and 30 and with mix proportions of cement: pond ash: sand and additional proportion of cement: fly ash: sand. Hand mixing, with volume batching was done. [1], [9] Proportion % Replace ment Cement Pond ash Replacement sand W/C Ratio P-1 5 1 0.25 4.75 1.10 P-2 10 1 0.50 4.50 1.10 P-3 15 1 0.75 4.25 1.10 P-4 20 1 1.00 4 1.10 P-5 25 1 1.25 3.75 1.10 P-6 30 1 1.50 3.50 1.10 P-7 0 1 0 5 1.10Table 1: Different Proportion of Mortar Mixes 2.2 Plastering Process The surface to be plastered was cleaned and freed from dust, loose material, oil, grease, mortar dropping, sticking of foreign matter, trace of algae, etc. Raking of joint was carried out along with masonry and checked out thoroughly so as to receive good key. The plaster was provided in two coats. Thickness of undercoat was 15mm and balanced in the second finishing coat. The second coat was of 10 mm. The under coat was allowed to dry and shrink before applying the second coat of plaster. After a suitable time interval (After 2 days) the second coat was applied. [7], [8]. Figure -2 show different patches of plaster. Figure 2: Plastering Process on Brick Wall 2.3 Compression Test The compression test has been carried out on specimens cubical in shape. The cube specimen is of the size 7.07 x 7.07 x 7.07 cm. Three specimen samples for all proportions are prepared. Universal testing machine (UTM) of 400 kN capacity was used in testing the mixes. Figure 3: Compression Test Sample-Before and After Deformation The mortar was filled into the mould in three layers approximately. Each layer was compacted by hand. After the top layer compacted, the surface of the mortar was finished with the top mould, using a trowel. The test specimens were submerged in the water for 7 and 28 days. Universal testing machine (UTM) of 400 Kilo Newton (kN) capacity was used in testing the mixes. Compression test was carried out for 7 day and 28days strength for the different proposed proportions are shown in the Table 2. SN Propor tion P.A. Replacement 7 day Comp. Strength 28day Comp. Strength 1 P-1 5% 3.31 7.68 2 P-2 10% 4.11 8.79 3 P-3 15% 4.91 9.89 4 P-4 20% 5.27 11.00 5 P-5 25% 5.87 10.92 6 P-6 30% 5.04 10.23 7 P-7 0% 2.51 6.57Table 2. Compression Test Results of Pond Ash Mortar Specimens Figure given below shows the graph of Percentage Pond Ash Replacement v/s 7 and 28 Days Compressive Strength. Figure 4: Percentage Pond Ash Replacement v/s 7 and 28 Days Compressive Strength. 2.4 Soundness Test Using Le-Chateliers Apparatus The mortar after preparation is liable to expand after the setting action is complete. It is one of the causes of cracking of plaster mortar. The Soundness test is, therefore, performed to know the amount of expansion after the setting time. [6] Table 3 shows Expansion of the mortar for different proportions. 2.5 Davel Abrasion Test This research work does not deal with the coarse aggregate as the coarse aggregate is not the constituent material for the mortar. But with the help of this test, the abrasion values of the different proportions of the plaster mortar cubes can be relatively compared. The abrasion value determined should not be more than 16 % for the concrete aggregates. Table 4 gives Davel Abrasion Test Results for different mortar mixes. SN Propor tions % Replt Final Exp. (mm) Initial Exp. (mm) Total Exp. (mm) 1 P-1 5 13 11 2 2 P-2 10 14 11 3 3 P-3 15 13 10 3 4 P-4 20 14 11 3 5 P-5 25 15 12 3 6 P-6 30 13 11 2 7 P-7 0 15 11 4Figure 5: Soundness Test Using Le-Chateliers Apparatus Table 3: Expansion for different Mortar Mixes. SN Proportions % Replt Initial Wt. of Cube (kg) Crush passing thr. sieve Abrn Value 1 1 5 0.786 0.11 13.75 2 2 10 0.786 0.10 12.75 3 3 15 0.796 0.10 12.5 4 4 20 0.786 0.094 12 5 5 25 0.786 0.098 12.5 6 6 30 0.796 0.10 12 7 7 0 0.785 0.12 15 Table 4: Davel Abrasion Test Results 3. CONCLUSION From the experimental results on the replacement of Pond Ash as Replacement with Sand in Plaster Mortar, the conclusions can be drawn as, the use of Pond Ash as part replacement for sand in plaster mortar gives higher compressive strength than traditional mortar mixes. Part replacement with 20 % Pond Ash in mortar, gives higher compressive strength then the other percentage replacements (0%,5%, 10%, 15%, 25% 30%), when tested for 28 days compressive strength. Due to Pond Ash replacement, the initial strength gaining process is quite slow but in later stages it gains very good strength as compare to traditional mortar mixes. The problem of disposing pond ash can is reduced by utilizing it in large quantity in various engineering work. In the present study, the possibility of using a locally available fine grained pond ash as a replacement of sand in plaster mortar has been tested and analyzed. This study opens up a major avenue for the utilization of pond ash. The large scale utilization of Pond Ash would be possible and this will become major contributing factor for reducing pollution. 4. REFRENCES [1] A.M. Pandey, L.M. Gupta, Proportions of concrete ingredients and their significance in compressive strength Indian Concrete Journal, Vol.81, June 2007, pp.15-27 [2] Kumar (2004), Dr Virender Kumar Compaction and Permeability Study of Pond Ash Amended with Locally Available Soil and Hardening Agent. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India), Vol.85, May2004, pp 31-35. [3] Chai Cheerarot (2003), Chai Jaturapitakkul and Raungrut Cheerarot. Development of Bottom Ash as Pozzolanic Material. Journal of Material in Civil Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 1, January/February 2003, pp.48-53 [4] S.K.Sekar, P.Devdas, U.John, Performance of Fly ash Concrete, New Building Material and Construction World, Volume-81, No.06, July-2003, pp.46. [5] FAUP (2005), Fly Ash Utilization ProgrammeFly Ash Management in India: An Integrated Approach , Proceeding of Fly Ash, India-2005, International Congress, Dec. 2005, Convention Hall, Hotel Ashok, New Delhi, India. [6] BIS 383 (1970), Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from natural Sources for Concrete (Second Revision), Bureau of Indian Standards. Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg IN-New Delhi 110002. [7] BIS 1661 (1972), Code of Practice for Application of Cement and Cement Plaster Finishes, Bureau of Indian Standards. Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg IN-New Delhi 110002. [8] BIS 2402 (1963), Code of Practice for External Rendered Finishes, Bureau of Indian Standards. Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg IN-New Delhi 110002. [9] BS 5390:1976, Code of Practice for Stone Masonry, BSI British Standards, Customer Services, 389, Chiswick High Road, London, W4 4AL, United Kingdom.